繁昌县后备土地资源多宜性评价

合理评价后备土地资源适宜性是有效进行后备土地资源的开发利用和农业结构调整的前提。以繁昌县后备土地资源为例,以区域自然与人为因子对其进行初步筛选,在此基础上建立适宜性评价指标体系,结合生态位适宜度理论构建多宜性评价模型,运用加权平均模型和限制因子模型,对后备土地资源评价单元耕地、园地和林地3种土地利用类型的生态适宜度及限制性生态因子进行评价。结果表明:(1)繁昌县59.38%的后备土地资源不能进行开发,能够开发且对生态环境影响较小的后备土地资源为387.03hm2;(2)繁昌县生境环境较为良好,对各土地利用类型的适宜性较强;单一土地利用类型评价中后备土地资源生态位适宜度值最大值为0.966 5。其中,耕地适宜性最高,林地次之,园地最低;(3)多宜性评价表明繁昌县后备土地资源中耕地适宜性面积最大,林地次之,园地最小;(4)限制繁昌县后备土地资源开发利用的生态因子主要为:排水条件、pH值、障碍层深度。为改善后备土地资源开发利用的生境条件,今后应重视土地质量管理,加强农田水利设施建设,使其适合开发利用的需要。     

以生态学原理为指导建设和管理生态旅游--平遥县生态旅游建设研究

在理解生态旅游涵义，综述当前生态旅游研究进展的基础上，本文探讨如何以生态学原理为指导建设和管理生态旅游，并以山西省平遥县为例，提出发展生态旅游的途径，即注重生态旅游区规划和景观生态设计，建立生态补偿机制，实施生态工程，加强生态管理等措施，促使平遥县由农业大县转变为生态旅游大县。     

基于海洋生态产品的海岛旅游绿色发展经济激励额度评估

海洋生态系统为人类提供了环境友好型海产品、可持续海洋原材料、可持续基因资源、生态旅游产品、海景观房地产等海洋生态标签生态产品和减缓温室效应产品、净化环境要素产品、灾害控制产品等海洋关键环境要素生态产品。本文以海洋生态产品理论为基础,将海岛旅游绿色发展含义界定为旅游目的地环境友好型海产品的生产与消费,旅游目的地海洋生态系统与森林生态系统持续稳定地提供核心生态系统服务和旅游业低碳排放;并运用海洋渔业生态标签制度(MFELS)、生态系统服务付费(PES)和市场替换法(MRM),以山东省长岛县为案例地,以问卷调查和访谈调查获取的数据为基础,对海岛旅游绿色发展经济激励额度进行了评估。结果表明:(1)运用MFELS可获得0.207 0×10~8元/a的经济激励资金,其中山东省短途客源地游客、京津冀晋豫中途客源地游客和其他省市区长途客源地游客平均每人次分别承担13.26元、17.57元和17.56元;(2)运用PES可获得0.673 6×10~8元/a的经济激励资金,其中短途游客、中途游客和长途游客平均每人次分别承担43.44元、57.89元和54.42元;(3)运用MRM可获得0.154 1×10~8元/a的经济激励资金,其中各类游客平均每人次分别承担0.00元、14.59元和34.58元;(4)运用MFELS、PES和MRM可获得1.034 7×10~8元/a的经济激励资金,其中各类游客平均每人次分别承担56.70元、90.05元和106.56元。研究建议:各客源地游客承担海岛旅游绿色发展经济激励资金应考虑区域的差异性特征。     

Population collapses in the pre-modern period: case study of the Fuping County,Northwest China

The pre-modern history of population change in the Fuping County (Shaanxi Province, China) during the Ming and Qing Dynasties (AD 1368–1911) was reconstructed using historical sources. The Fuping County experienced two major population collapses, i.e. the late Ming Dynasty (1550–1640s) and the 1860–1880s. The first one was caused by the great AD 1556 earthquake and the extreme droughts and warfare in the 1630–1640s. The second one was caused by warfare and extreme droughts. As a whole, natural disasters, including extreme drought and great earthquake, were the key direct causes of population collapse, and climatic cooling would be a potential indirect cause. It is very interesting that population collapses occurred almost synchronously in the Fuping County and whole China, and the trends of population change were also very similar. Climate–population relationship in China would be valid at finer geographic level, and climatic cooling could be a potential indirect cause of population collapse.     

昌黎县水环境污染分析与防治对策

通过对2006—2010年昌黎县地表水监测数据进行分析得出：昌黎县水环境质量总体趋于好转,河流出境断面水质化学需氧量呈下降趋势,环境质量好于入境断面,但仍为劣V类。污染产生的主要原因是：昌黎县淀粉、造纸等企业所产生废水的有机物含量较高,部分企业污水处理设施陈旧,废水不能稳定达标排放,且有偷排、偷放、漏排等现象。针对上述问题,从加强项目审批、污染减排、环境综合整治,强化环境执法,加大资金投入等方面提出了对策与建议。     

Occurrence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in soil from the central Loess Plateau, China: role of regional range atmospheric transport

Very few studies were conducted in highland and depositional areas in studying the transport and behavior of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). In this study, surface soils were collected from Huan County to investigate the level, profile, and potential influence of PBDEs via regional range atmospheric transport in the central part of the Loess Plateau (CLP) of China, one of the most extensive areas of loess deposition in the world. PBDEs were ubiquitous and log-normally distributed in soils from the CLP with mean concentrations of 0.91 and 0.54 ng g⁻¹ for ΣPBDEs (sum of PBDE congeners except for BDE-209) and BDE-209, respectively. BDE-209 was predominated congener (43.5%), followed by BDE-47 (15.7%), 99 (10.7%), and 153 (7.5%). Further principal component analysis on congener profiles showed that PBDEs in the CLP originated from similar source(s). Additionally, significant differences in the ratios of BDE-47 to 99 and BDE-153 to 154 were found between soil samples and commercial products, indicating that they have undergone fractionation during the process of regional range atmospheric transport. The deposition of PBDEs in the CLP could be influenced by the sources from surrounding regions. For example, Xi’an may have potential influence to the CLP based on geographical analysis and concentrations comparison of PBDEs in gaseous. Therefore, more studies are needed to clarify the atmospheric transport and fate of PBDEs in this region.     

云贵高原北坡石漠化地区近50a降水波动分析——以四川省兴文县为例

全球气候变暖背景下的局地气候变化特征及其响应,是近年来的研究热点。兴文县是云贵高原北坡的典型石漠化区域,其多年降水变化在一定程度上可以反映该区的气候变化。对兴文县1959~2007年全年和分季节降水量进行Morlet连续小波变换,结果表明：全年与分季节降水总体上均呈减少之势,并具有多尺度波动的特征,不同季节的多年降水具有各自的变化规律。春季和夏季降水量丰贫交替的周期较长（超过9 a）,变化相对较缓;秋季、冬季和全年的降水丰贫更替周期较短（少于6 a）,变化相对较快。目前兴文县处于降水相对较丰时期的后半程,未来几年将进入降水相对偏少的时期。降水的波动减少趋势,将会加剧该区域水资源的供需矛盾,给农业生产带来不利影响,增加生态系统的脆弱性和影响喀斯特地貌的发育过程,并最终促进石漠化的发展。     

桑植县大鲵资源调查

张家界国家级大鲵自然保护区的核心区域位于湖南省桑植县境内。为了科学地掌握该县大鲵〖WTBX〗（Andrias davidianus）〖WTBZ〗资源状况,对大鲵资源的分布区域和数量进行了调查。结果表明：近年该县野生大鲵分布区域不断缩小,呈不连续点状分布,主要存在于澧水北源流经的五道水镇川洞峡,澧水南源流经的院子及酉水流经的芙蓉桥乡泉河等14处;野生资源量仍在衰退,目前仅约976尾。人工养殖大鲵资源主要分布五道水镇和芙蓉桥乡;人工养殖资源量增加较大,约2.64万尾。基于以上现状,认为需要加强大鲵资源保护管理,重视野生大鲵栖息地生态环境保护与基础研究,增加人工养殖大鲵的野外放流数量,以逐步恢复野生大鲵资源;同时继续发展大鲵人工养殖,不断增加人工养殖大鲵的资源量.     

Environmental mercury contamination of an artisanal zinc smelting area in Weining County, Guizhou, China

To investigate the extent of Hg contamination due to artisanal Zn smelting activities in Weining County, northwestern Guizhou, China, total Hg and methyl mercury (MeHg) concentrations in soil and surface water were determined. Samples of corn plants growing in the study area were also collected for total Hg analysis. A high geometric mean Hg emission factor of 75gHgt(-1)Zn was estimated and significantly elevated total gaseous mercury (TGM) concentrations were found in the atmosphere adjacent to the Zn smelting sites, ranging from 30 to 3814ngm(-3). Total Hg and MeHg concentrations in topsoil samples ranged from 62 to 355microgkg(-1) and from 0.20 to 1.1microgkg(-1), respectively. Total Hg Concentrations in corn plant tissues increased in the order of grains相似文献   

川西盆周山地土地利用/覆被变化与生态发展模式--以雅安市天全县为例

采用GIS和数理统计方法,以及景观生态学中的空间格局指数对天全县1992～2002年土地利用/覆被变化特征进行研究.结果表明:林地在各种土地利用类型中占的比例最大,且呈逐年递增趋势,2002年达79．14％,但年变化率则很小,只有0.29%;耕地占的比例很小,仅有5.50%,而且10年间面积减少了4813.3hm2,但年变化率比林地大,高达2.68%.受人类活动的影响,10年间多样性指数和均匀度指数呈上升趋势,而优势度指数不断下降.由此得出产生土地利用/覆被变化的机制是受地形条件和自然灾害等自然因素的影响,同时更受人口增长、城市化进程以及政府政策等社会经济因素的驱动.从而有针对性地提出生态发展模式的建议,以期为土地资源的可持续利用提供借鉴.