采样罐和气袋保存116种挥发性有机物效果研究

为了提高挥发性有机物(VOCs)分析的准确性,笔者考察了3种采样罐和2种气袋对116种VOCs的保存效果.结果表明:VOCs在不同种类采样罐和气袋中的保存情况有一定差异,整体上Silonite采样罐的保存效果相对更稳定,罐内水分含量会对部分VOCs的保存效果造成影响(特别是对含氧有机物);保存实际样品时,能保证VOCs...     

Experimental investigations on a forced convection solar air heater using packed bed absorber plates with phase change materials

In this work, the performance of a forced convection solar air heater was evaluated using using three packed bed absorber plate configurations and compared with flat absorber plate. The phase change material (paraffin wax) was packed in the pin-fin, trianglular and circular absorber plate configurations. The performance parameters such as, outlet air temperature, thermo-hydraulic efficiency, exergy efficiency and pressure drop were predicted and compared. The results showed that the packed bed absorber plate configurations using paraffin wax have higher outler air temperature in the range of 2–5°C with 3–40% higher thermo-hydraulic efficiency and 2–20% higher exergy efficiency when compared to flat absorber plate. However, the packed bed absorver plates have higher pressure drop when compared to flat absorber plate.     

Multi-hazard failure assessment of atmospheric storage tanks during hurricanes

Hurricane as one of the most destructive natural hazards can make a devastating impact on the industrial equipment, especially atmospheric storage tanks, leading to the release of stored chemicals and disastrous safety and environmental issues. These catastrophic consequences are caused not only by strong winds but also by the torrential rainfall and inundating floods. The objective of this study is to present a risk-based methodology for assessing and reducing the vulnerability of atmospheric storage tanks to hurricanes. Considering the shell buckling, flotation, sliding, and roof sinking as dominant failure modes of atmospheric storage tanks during hurricanes, Bayesian network (BN) has been employed to combine the failure modes while considering their conditional dependencies. The probability updating feature of the developed BN was employed to indicate that the flood is the most critical hazard during hurricanes while the impact of wind and rainfall cannot be neglected. Extending the developed BN to an influence diagram, the cost-benefit filling of storage tanks with water prior to the advent of hurricanes was shown as a viable measure for reducing the damage probability. The results show that the proposed methodology can be used as an effective decision support tool for assessing and reducing the vulnerability of atmospheric storage tanks to natural hazards.     

油库突发安全事故的环境风险及应急措施

文章分析了油库安全事故发生的原因、类型、特点及后果,重点阐述了事故可能引发的次生环境风险影响以及应急处置措施,提出了应对突发性环境污染事故的对策与建议,对突发事故、降低环境影响的范围和程度具有一定的指导作用。     

白城地区近50年土壤有机碳动态变化研究

基于白城地区第一次、第二次全国土壤普查和野外现场采样共217个土壤剖面数据,利用＂土类-土地利用类型＂权重方法,估算白城地区11个土类从20世纪50年代至2009年近50年的土壤有机碳密度（SOD）和碳储量（SOC）,分析SOD变化规律,探讨其时空演化特征,结果表明,①近50年来,除水稻土和栗钙土SOD随时间增加外,其余各土类SOD随时间持续降低;但不同时期泥炭土SOD均最高,盐碱土均为最低。②近50年来,白城地区的SOD从92.22±21.13 t.hm-2减少至68.01±10.76 t.hm-2;表现为自北向南、自西向东降低的空间分布规律。③近50年来,白城地区SOC减少了6.2×107 t,各县市SOC呈逐年降低态。     

Rain Water Harvesting in Bermuda1

Rowe, Mark P., 2011. Rain Water Harvesting in Bermuda. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(6):1219–1227. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00563.x Abstract: Roof‐top rain water harvesting is mandated by law for all buildings in Bermuda and is the primary source of water for domestic supply. The average rate at which rain water is harvested at the typical house with four occupants is, however, insufficient to meet average demand. While just over one‐third of households have access to supplementary water either from mains pipelines or private wells, the majority rely on deliveries from water “truckers” (tankers) to augment their rain water supply. Assuming a reasonably constant daily demand, there is a linear relationship between the “maximum optimum capacity” of a water storage tank and the size of the rain water catchment area, which depends on the characteristics of the rainfall at a given geographic location. A simple spreadsheet model was developed to simulate tank storage levels for various combinations of catchment area, tank capacity, and demand, with an input of actual daily rainfall data for a study period of nearly three years. It was found that for typical cycles of rainfall surpluses and deficits in Bermuda, the tank capacity which there is no benefit in exceeding — the “optimum maximum capacity”— is 0.37 m³ of storage capacity per 1 m² of catchment area. Furthermore, it was concluded that many domestic water storage tanks in Bermuda are larger than necessary, especially so where there is a significant imbalance between rain water supply and demand.     

Effect of the effective stress coefficient and sorption-induced strain on the evolution of coal permeability: Experimental observations

Permeability is one of the most important parameters for CO₂ injection in coal to enhance coalbed methane recovery. Laboratory characterization of coal permeability provides useful information for in situ permeability behavior of coal seams when adsorbing gases such as CO₂ are injected. In this study, a series of experiments have been conducted for coal samples using both non-adsorbing and adsorbing gases at various confining stresses and pore pressures. Our observations have showed that even under controlled stress conditions, coal permeability decreases with respect to pore pressure during the injection of adsorbing gases. In order to find out the causes of permeability decrease for adsorbing gases, a non-adsorbing gas (helium) is used to determine the effective stress coefficient. In these experiments using helium, the impact of gas sorption can be neglected and any permeability reduction is considered as due to the variation in the effective stress, which is controlled by the effective stress coefficient. The results show that the effective stress coefficient is pore pressure dependent and less than unity for the coal samples studied. The permeability reduction from helium experiments is then used to calibrate the subsequent flow-through experiments using adsorbing gases, CH₄ and CO₂. Through this calibration, the sole effect of sorption-induced strain on permeability change is obtained for these adsorbing gas flow-through experiments. In this paper, experimental results and analyses are reported including how the impact of effective stress coefficient is separated from that of the sorption-induced strain on the evolution of coal permeability.     

The establishment of a standard operation procedure for psychiatric service after an earthquake

This study presents information on the design and creation of a standard operation procedure (SOP) for psychiatric service after an earthquake. The strategies employed focused on the detection of survivors who developed persistent psychiatric illness, particularly post-traumatic stress and major depressive disorders. In addition, the study attempted to detect the risk factors for psychiatric illness. A Disaster-Related Psychological Screening Test (DRPST) was designed by five psychiatrists and two public health professionals for rapidly and simply interviewing 4,223 respondents within six months of the September 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake. A SOP was established through a systemic literature review, action research, and two years of data collection. Despite the limited time and resources inherent to a disaster situation, it is necessary to develop an SOP for psychiatric service after an earthquake in order to assist the high number of survivors suffering from subsequent psychiatric impairment.     

太阳能热泵系统中的蓄热技术

开发新能源和节能是寻找能源出路的两大途径,太阳能热泵系统以其显著的节能性和环保性具有广阔的发展前景.论述了太阳能热泵系统中的蓄热原理和蓄热材料,介绍了实际蓄热工程,进行理论分析,指明了今后的研究与发展方向.太阳能蓄热装置的开发与应用对太阳能热泵系统的发展具有深远意义.     

Fragility assessment of bottom plates in above ground storage tanks during flood events

This study aims to improve the fundamental understanding on the performance of bottom plates in above ground storage tanks (ASTs) during flood events. To this end, fragility models that estimate the probability of material yielding and rupture in the bottom plates were derived. A significant number of ASTs are located in coastal areas and are susceptible to hurricane hazards. Consequently, ASTs have suffered severe damage during past hurricanes resulting in spills with catastrophic environmental and social impacts. Therefore, several failure modes such as flotation, buckling, and sliding have been studied in past research. However, the literature lacks studies that consider the failure of bottom plate due to uplift pressure generated during floods and there are no design guidelines to address this issue. To address this gap, fragility functions that provide the probability of failure as a function of tank geometry, material properties, design parameters, and hazard conditions were developed herein. For this purpose, Latin Hypercube Sampling was performed to span the space of these parameters uniformly. For each parameter combination, maximum stresses in bottom plates were determined using analytical formulations for simply supported and clamped boundary conditions and were compared against two different failure thresholds. The results were used to develop a closed form fragility model using step wise logistic regression. Fragility functions were applied to four case study tanks. Sensitivity analysis were performed to understand the impacts of different probability density functions for various variables on the bottom plates’ fragility. The results provided several insights such as ASTs with larger diameter were vulnerable to bottom plate failure. Comparison with other failure modes revealed that the probability of bottom plate failure was higher than flotation failure for anchored ASTs with clamped boundary condition.