云南药用植物种质资源的试管保存技术

本文介绍了植物种质资源试管保存的实验技术,分析了药用植物试管苗基因库建立及超低温保存的程序、特点,并研究了云南珍稀药用植物如千年健、粉叶小檗、金钗石斛及绞股蓝种质的试管保存技术,为云南省珍稀濒危药用植物的保护及合理利用提供了方法和依据     

VERIFICATION AND APPLICATION OF REGIONAL EQUATIONS FOR THE STORAGE FUNCTION RUNOFF MODEL1

The storage function model is a nonlinear rainfall-runoff model that has been developed for and applied to flood runoff analysis in Japan. This paper extends the model applicability by developing practical equations for estimating model parameters which are appropriate on a regional basis, i.e., so-called regional equations. Previously, the parameters were computed from historical data for a specific basin or from relationships that do not account for land use and topography. To develop the regionalized equations, model parameters were identified for 91 flood events from 22 watersheds in Japan by applying a mathematical optimization technique. Results from 39 of these events were statistically compared and regional relationships were determined as a function of land use, basin area and rainfall intensity. The utility of the estimated equations were tested by computing runoff hydrographs for lumped basins. The estimated parameters were also applied in a distributed watershed model formulation. Both applications showed acceptable results that validate the use of the regionalized relationships.     

休耕对抚仙湖周边农田土壤剖面和浅层地下水中氮累积的影响

减少外源氮投入能有效降低农田土壤氮累积和地下水氮污染,休耕是减少外源氮投入的重要措施之一.为探讨农田休耕对土壤剖面和浅层地下水中氮累积的影响,以抚仙湖周边农田土壤剖面和浅层地下水为研究对象,分析了休耕前（2017年12月）和休耕后（2020年8月和2021年4月）农田0~100 cm土壤剖面氮累积和浅层地下水中氮浓度的变化及其两者的关系.结果表明:休耕显著降低了土壤剖面氮含量和储量,休耕后0~30、30~60和60~100 cm土壤剖面TN、ON、DTN、NO₃ ^--N和NH₄ ⁺-N含量分别降低18.4 %~36.5 %、16.1 %~26.8 %、54.0 %~130.2 %、59.5 %~90.8 %和60.1 %~110.6 %.休耕前0~100 cm土壤TN、ON、DTN、 NO₃ ^--N和NH₄ ⁺-N储量分别为（17.20 ±0.97）t·hm^-2、（15.50 ±1.23）t·hm^-2、（0.68 ±0.06）t·hm^-2、（266.8 ±31.17）kg·hm^-2和（18.7 ±3.04）kg·hm^-2,休耕后各形态氮储量分别下降了25.5 %、23.3 %、44.7 %、80.1 %和59.9 %.休耕也改变了浅层地下水中氮浓度和形态构成,休耕后地下水中TN、ON、NO₃ ^--N和NH₄ ⁺-N浓度分别下降了88.4 %、82.7 %、92.1 %、65.8 %,ON/TN和NH₄ ⁺-N/TN从休耕前的26 %和6 %升高至休耕后的39 %和17 %,而NO₃ ^--N/TN从休耕前的61 %降至休耕后的41 %.地下水氮浓度和形态变化与休耕前后土壤中DTN、NH₄ ⁺-N、NO₃ ^--N和地下水中pH、ORP、DO等因素密切相关.可见,休耕有效降低了农田土壤剖面氮累积,缓解了浅层地下水氮污染,有利于防止高原湖泊的水质恶化.     

黔中喀斯特地区典型县域碳储量时空演变及多情景模拟预测：以普定县为例

探析黔中喀斯特地区典型县域碳储量时空演变和未来空间分布趋势,对优化土地生态安全格局,提升区域碳储量,促进城市低碳可持续发展具有重要意义.以黔中喀斯特地区典型县域——普定县为例,耦合PLUS-InVEST模型,基于解译的土地利用数据和未来土地预测,反演1973~2020年普定县的土地利用变化与碳储量时空演变特征,并模拟预测2060年不同情景下土地利用空间格局演变及其碳储量变化.结果表明：①1973~2020年普定县碳储量整体增加6.61×10⁵ t,呈上升趋势,空间上呈现出“东和西部上升,中南部下降”的变化特征.②普定县历史时期土地利用变化主要表现为建设用地持续扩张,有林地和灌木林地面积占比波动上升,2060年不同情景下土地利用变化延续了历史时期的变化特征.③2060年普定县在自然演变、生态保护和经济发展情景下碳储量较2020年分别增加2.93×10⁵、5.40×10⁵和1.11×10⁵ t,其中生态保护情景增加最为显著,旱地向灌木林地转移是区域固碳能力增加的主要原因.研究结果可为普定县土地利用管理决策以及减排增汇政策制定提供科学参考.     

声波团聚技术消除储能电站火灾烟雾的实验研究

为探究声波团聚技术对于储能电站火灾烟雾的清除作用,搭建了声波团聚实验台,利用炭黑颗粒气溶胶模拟储能电站的火灾烟雾,探究了声波频率、声压级和初始烟雾浓度等参数对声波团聚效果的影响.结果表明:在声压级为140 dB、频率为1 000 Hz的声波作用下,在20 s时间内火灾烟雾的透光率从22％提高到了90％;当声压级由135...     

防霉剂在军用物资集装箱储运中的应用研究

针对军用物资集装箱储运过程中存在各种霉菌的实际情况,详细分析了防霉剂选择的基本条件,介绍了防霉剂的作用原理,提出了军用集装箱中防霉剂的使用方法,并对影响防霉剂效果的因素进行了较为系统的探讨.     

香溪河库湾浮游细菌和病毒计数方法比较研究

液氮速冻后转入-80℃保存是流式细胞仪计数浮游细菌及病毒的样品保存之标准条件。以荧光显微镜计数法为参照,利用流式细胞仪对温和冷冻保存(-20℃冷冻2周后转入-80℃保存)的香溪河库湾水样分别计数了浮游细菌和浮游病毒丰度。结果显示,利用流式细胞仪计数香溪河库湾水样中的浮游细菌丰度与荧光显微镜计数法等效(P>0.05);流式细胞仪计数浮游病毒丰度高于荧光显微镜计数结果2.0±0.1倍(Z=-4.704,P<0.01),且具有强正相关(r=0.979,P<0.01)。计数结果间的差异与其他环境中样品标准保存方法下计数结果相近,表明温和冷冻保藏条件对流式细胞仪计数香溪河库湾水样中浮游细菌和浮游病毒丰度结果无明显影响。     

碳捕集与封存技术适用风险预防原则的理论建构与路径完善

以碳捕集与封存为典型的新兴技术在应对气候变化上的降碳功能显著,但该技术颇具不确定性。“决策于未知”成为政府规制技术风险的真实写照,如何在鼓励碳捕集与封存技术发展,助力“双碳”目标实现的同时,应对随之而来的风险挑战与安全诉求,既是国家必须肩负的义务,也是回应公众期待的内在要求。应运而生的风险预防原则作为应对气候变化的重要举措,为技术风险规制提供了合法性与正当性基础,对于碳捕获、封存技术发展与碳中和目标实现具有重要现实意义。为此,风险预防原则在技术规制中,应当整体遵循弱风险预防理念,彰显秩序、正义和效率的多元价值诉求,实现科学理性与社会理性的平衡。在此基础上,通过多手段的综合应用,开放的风险决策结构,强化风险管理的动态调试,以预防性环境行政公益诉讼为保障,将风险预防原则融汇于碳捕集与封存技术风险规制中。     

Measuring Water Storage Fluctuations in Lake Dongting, China, by Topex/Poseidon Satellite Altimetry

Although satellite radar altimetry was developed and optimized for open oceans, it has been used to monitor variations in the level of inland water-bodies such as lakes and rivers. Here, for the first time, we have further used the altimetry-derived variation of water level for estimating the fluctuation of water storage as an addition to the present in situ water storage estimation systems to be used in remote areas and in emergency situation such as in the events flooding monitoring and for studying the effect of climate change. Lake Dongting, the second largest lake in China, influenced frequently by flooding, was, therefore, chosen to demonstrate the potential of the technique. By using the concept of an “assumed reference point”, we converted Topex/Poseidon satellite altimetry data on water level variations in Lake Dongting to “water level” data. The “water level” time-series data and in situ water storage were used to establish a rating curve. From the rating curve, we converted data on “water level” derived from seven years (1993–1999) of Topex/Poseidon data to actual water storage in Lake Dongting. The result reveals that the seasonal and annual fluctuations of water storage occurred during the 1990s with a more frequent flooding at the late 1990s' especially the flooding in whole catchment level in 1998 and 1999. The study supports the usefulness of satellite altimetry for dense and continuous monitoring of the temporal variations in water dynamic in moderate to large lakes.     

不同固定剂及保存时间对微微型浮游生物样品测定的影响

对比了用流式细胞术现场测定及用多聚甲醛、戊二醛及两者的混合物这三种常用固定剂进行固定保存对微微型浮游生物样品的影响。结果表明,在1个月内,细胞数量变化并不显著,但随着保存时间的增加,细胞数量明显减少,且散射光信号明显增大。除原绿球藻的藻红素荧光基本不变、微微型真核浮游植物的藻红素荧光大幅增加外,其余荧光信号均发生不同程度的减少。同时,戊二醛所引起的微微型真核浮游植物荧光信号的极大改变会影响类群的界定。如有可能,应该尽量现场测定微微型浮游生物样品,否则建议采用多聚甲醛或其与戊二醛的混合物作为固定剂,将样品保存于液氮中,待返回实验室后尽快进行测定。