Equilibrium,kinetics and thermodynamics studies on adsorptive removal of cobalt ions from wastewater using MIL-100(Fe)

This study describes experiments in which MIL-100(Fe) was used to remove Co²⁺ ions from the waste water. The synthesised adsorbent was characterised by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) and scanning electron microscope. Statistical analysis was used to investigate the effects of different parameters. From the obtained results, the removal efficiency was enhanced with increasing contact time and pH but decreased with increasing cobalt initial concentration. The maximum removal efficiency of Co⁺² was 93.4% under optimum conditions. The equilibrium adsorption data were best fitted to linearly transformed Freundlich isotherm. Adsorption kinetic data followed the pseudo second-order kinetic model. The maximum adsorption capacity of Co⁺² on to the MIL-100(Fe) was found to be 119 mg g^?1. The results showed that ?G of adsorption was negative, while ?H was positive which showed that the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic. The positive value of ?S showed that disordering and randomness increased at the solid–solution interface of cobalt ions with MIL-100(Fe) particles.     

Characterizing the Extent of Spatially Integrated Floodplain and Wetland Systems in the White River,Indiana, USA

Floodplain delineation may inform protection of wetland systems under local, state, or federal laws. Nationally available Federal Emergency Management Agency Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs, “100‐year floodplain” maps) focus on urban areas and higher‐order river systems, limiting utility at large scales. Few other national‐scale floodplain data are available. We acquired FIRMs for a large watershed and compared FIRMs to floodplain and integrated wetland area mapping methods based on (1) geospatial distance, (2) geomorphic setting, and (3) soil characteristics. We used observed flooding events (OFEs) with recurrence intervals of 25‐50 to >100 years to assess floodplain estimate accuracy. FIRMs accurately reflected floodplain areas based on OFEs and covered 32% of river length, whereas soil‐based mapping was not as accurate as FIRMs but characterized floodplain areas over approximately 65% of stream length. Geomorphic approaches included more areas than indicated by OFE, whereas geospatial approaches tended to cover less area. Overall, soil‐based methods have the highest utility in determining floodplains and their integrated wetland areas at large scales due to the use of nationally available data and flexibility for regional application. These findings will improve floodplain and integrated wetland system extent assessment for better management at local, state, and national scales.     

DX—100型离子色谱仪用于冰雪样品中阴,阳离子的测定

本文介绍了ＤＸ－１００型离子色谱仪用于冰雪样品中阴,阳离子的测定,以东北五大连池地区白龙洞和水晶宫为例,介绍了阴,阳离子测定在分析化学物质来源和成冰过程中的重要作用。     

Kinetic characterizing of soil trace metal availability using Soil/EDTA/Chelex mixture

The kinetic aspects are not usually tackled when mimicking the soil trace metal mobilization. In this work, a simple procedure is developed for measuring the kinetics of Pb, Cu and Cd transfer from the soil solid phase towards a resin sink. A ternary system of Soil/EDTA/Chelex was employed for mimicking the metal transfer from two agricultural soil samples into the Chelex. Two different kinetic regimes (P₁ and P₂) were observed. The kinetic profile of Pb was distinctly different from those of Cd and Cu. Basing on kinetic principles, two kinetic models were proposed for estimating the apparent rate constants of leaching and removal processes in, respectively, two binary mixtures of soil/EDTA and EDTA extracts/Chelex. Contrary to Pb, solid phase pools of Cd and Cu exchanged with the solution on short time scales. The kinetic rate of desorption occurred in following order: Pb < Cu ? Cd. Comparing the kinetics of binary systems, the desorption process was hypothesized to control the metal transfer. The parameters related to the desorption process were extended to the kinetic regimes of Soil/EDTA/Chelex and revealed that the soil to Chelex transfer of Pb is under kinetics control whereas the bulk concentration (affected by the size of particulate reservoir) is likely to control the Cd transfer. Cu presents an intermediate case.     

Assessing Effectiveness of National Flood Policy Through Spatiotemporal Monitoring of Socioeconomic Exposure1

Abstract: After a century of evolving flood policies, there has been a steady increase in flood losses, which has partly been driven by development in flood prone areas. National flood policy was revised in 1994 to focus on limiting and reducing the amount of development inside the 100‐year floodplain, with the goal of decreasing flood losses, which can be measured and quantified in terms of population and property value inside the 100‐year floodplain. Monitoring changes in these measurable indicators can inform where and how effective national floodplain management strategies have been. National flood policies are restricted to the spatial extent of the 100‐year floodplain, thus there are no development regulations to protect against flooding adjacent to this boundary. No consistent monitoring has been undertaken to examine the effect of flood policy on development immediately outside the 100‐year floodplain. We developed a standardized methodology, which leveraged national data to quantify changes in population and building tax value (exposure). We applied this approach to counties in North Carolina to assess (1) temporal changes, before and after the 1994 policy and (2) spatial changes, inside and adjacent to the 100‐year floodplain. Temporal results indicate the Piedmont and Mountain Region had limited success at reducing exposure within the 100‐year floodplain, while the Coastal Plain successfully reduced exposure. Spatially, there was a significant increase in exposure immediately outside the 100‐year floodplain throughout North Carolina. The lack of consistent monitoring has resulted in the continuation of this unintended consequence, which could be a significant driver of increased flood losses as any flood even slightly higher than the 100‐year floodplain will have a disproportionately large impact since development is outside the legal boundary of national flood policy.     

Enhanced degradation of bioremediation residues in petroleum-contaminated soil using a two-liquid-phase bioslurry reactor

A study was performed to determine the potential of two-liquid-phase (TLP) bioslurry reactors using silicon oil as solvent for degradation of residual contaminants in petroleum-contaminated soil. The residues were characterized by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. This allowed for the identification of a mixture of residual biomarkers, metabolic byproducts, oxygenated and hetero-polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in the contaminated soil. The removal amount of total extractable organics (TEO) was 15 900 mg kg⁻¹ soil in the TLP reactor within 12 weeks. However, TEO remained intact in the bioslurry reactor without the addition of silicon oil for the duration of the experiment, due to high toxicity of metabolites to the microorganisms. The availability of TEO was calculated using a mild extraction with Triton X-100, and the amount of TEO extracted was in accord with the amount of biodegraded TEO. Significantly reduced toxicity in soil was observed at week 12 through TLP remediation. Dehydrogenase activity in the bioslurry reactor was strongly suppressed. Fluorescein diacetate was significantly hydrolyzed by the composition of bioremediation residues in the contaminated soil. Microbial adhesion to the solvent was revealed by the determination of microbial activity in the water-immiscible-liquid.     

近百年重庆主城区汛期降水及其集中期的变化特征

利用一种改进的定义汛期降水集中期的方法对重庆主城区近百余年汛期降水集中期进行了划分,并分析了集中期的重心日、雨量及其与汛期降水总量的关系。结果表明：近百余年重庆主城区汛期降水量线性变化趋势不明显,阶段变化显著。百余年来发生过两次突变,分别发生于1914年和1925年,分别突变为增加和减少趋势。3 a左右的周期为汛期降水的主要周期。6月为降水集中期重心日发生最多的月份,8月出现相对较少,4月上半月和10月均没有出现过。近百余年重庆主城区降水集中期雨量及其占汛期降水总量的比例表现为线性增加的趋势,它们的阶段性变化比较一致,尤其是21世纪以来近10 a显著偏多。集中期雨量与汛期降水之间存在很好的相关关系,但是在某些特殊年份上也存在差异。15 d滑动统计方法划分的集中期雨量作为一种极端气候事件,具有较强描述灾害事件的能力,但其极端特殊性可能会表现在某些特殊年份或年际间的变化中,充分认识其规律,能为诊断和预测业务提供更为可靠的参考依据     

臭氧催化氧化处理活性蓝染料废水及催化剂的研究

进行了臭氧化学氧化体系和臭氧催化氧化体系对活性蓝处理效果的比较。提出了常温常压下臭氧催化氧化预处理活性蓝染料废水的新方法。实验结果表明,臭氧催化氧化处理COD为13 800 mg/L的活性蓝染料废水时,最佳反应pH值为5～6,臭氧用量为80 mg/L时,反应时间约40 min,COD去除率大于80%,色度去除率大于90%,达到了预处理要求。     

航母舰载机用高强、高韧、耐蚀不锈钢

介绍了美国采用低成本、基于计算的材料设计技术,研制出既能取消有毒的防护涂覆工艺,又能作为结构载体用的Ferrium(R) S53高强、高韧耐蚀不锈钢.Ferrium(R) S53不锈钢可以"非正式地"替代通常用于制造航母舰载机结构部件的非不锈钢.美军在新的航母舰载机合金研制中借助QuesTek公司基于计算的材料设计工具,将显著地提升海军武器平台系统性能,改善系统安全性,减轻环境危害.     

Driver Behavior During Overtaking Maneuvers from the 100-Car Naturalistic Driving Study

Objective: Lane changes with the intention to overtake the vehicle in front are especially challenging scenarios for forward collision warning (FCW) designs. These overtaking maneuvers can occur at high relative vehicle speeds and often involve no brake and/or turn signal application. Therefore, overtaking presents the potential of erroneously triggering the FCW. A better understanding of driver behavior during lane change events can improve designs of this human–machine interface and increase driver acceptance of FCW. The objective of this study was to aid FCW design by characterizing driver behavior during lane change events using naturalistic driving study data.

Methods: The analysis was based on data from the 100-Car Naturalistic Driving Study, collected by the Virginia Tech Transportation Institute. The 100-Car study contains approximately 1.2 million vehicle miles of driving and 43,000 h of data collected from 108 primary drivers. In order to identify overtaking maneuvers from a large sample of driving data, an algorithm to automatically identify overtaking events was developed. The lead vehicle and minimum time to collision (TTC) at the start of lane change events was identified using radar processing techniques developed in a previous study. The lane change identification algorithm was validated against video analysis, which manually identified 1,425 lane change events from approximately 126 full trips.

Results: Forty-five drivers with valid time series data were selected from the 100-Car study. From the sample of drivers, our algorithm identified 326,238 lane change events. A total of 90,639 lane change events were found to involve a closing lead vehicle. Lane change events were evenly distributed between left side and right side lane changes. The characterization of lane change frequency and minimum TTC was divided into 10 mph speed bins for vehicle travel speeds between 10 and 90 mph. For all lane change events with a closing lead vehicle, the results showed that drivers change lanes most frequently in the 40–50 mph speed range. Minimum TTC was found to increase with travel speed. The variability in minimum TTC between drivers also increased with travel speed.

Conclusions: This study developed and validated an algorithm to detect lane change events in the 100-Car Naturalistic Driving Study and characterized lane change events in the database. The characterization of driver behavior in lane change events showed that driver lane change frequency and minimum TTC vary with travel speed. The characterization of overtaking maneuvers from this study will aid in improving the overall effectiveness of FCW systems by providing active safety system designers with further understanding of driver action in overtaking maneuvers, thereby increasing system warning accuracy, reducing erroneous warnings, and improving driver acceptance.