氨基改性MCM-41对水中1,2-二氯乙烷的吸附

为治理地下水中氯代烃污染,以3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(APTES)为改性试剂,采用共聚法制备NH₂-MCM-41。利用XRD、SEM、TEM、BET和FT-IR对材料结构进行表征,并研究材料对水中1,2-二氯乙烷(1,2-DCA)的吸附行为。结果表明：氨基取代部分硅羟基,造成孔道毛糙,未改变材料的六方堆积结构;改性后材料比表面积、孔容、孔径分别减小了约10%、25%和26%。氨基的引入增强了材料对1,2-DCA的亲和力和吸附能力,吸附容量由11.75 mg·g⁻¹增加到15.59 mg·g⁻¹,提升32.68%;NH₂-MCM-41对1,2-DCA吸附初始阶段受物理吸附控制,后续过程主要受化学吸附控制;颗粒内扩散拟合表明颗粒内扩散过程是主要控速步骤;等温吸附拟合说明材料吸附位点分布均匀,吸附过程中单层与多层吸附共存;在温度为20 ℃,pH为7时NH₂-MCM-41对1,2-DCA的吸附效果最佳;腐殖酸(HA)和共存阴离子对 NH₂-MCM-41吸附1,2-DCA起抑制作用。由此可知,NH₂-MCM-41能够有效地吸附水中1,2-DCA。该研究成果可为地下水氯代烃污染治理提供相关参考。     

有机粘土疏水性吸附过程的分子模拟:烷基碳原子数和有机物logK_(ow)的影响

基于从分子尺度上解析改性剂烷基碳原子数和有机物疏水性对有机粘土吸附能力的影响机制,以从头算的量子化学计算方法(MP2/6-31g(d))模拟了有机粘土在水溶液中的吸附过程.通过计算吸附前后几何构型、能量、化学键和电荷分布等参数的变化,分析了影响有机粘土疏水性吸附的关键因素,并对疏水性吸附作用力的化学本质进行了初步探讨.计算结果表明,烷基碳原子数增加对提高有机物吸附能的作用并不显著,长链烷基提高有机粘土吸附容量的真正原因在于其可提供更多的有机物吸附位.有机物的疏水性(以正辛醇-水分配系数logKow表征)是影响疏水性吸附过程的关键因子,水分子的引力作用对疏水性吸附具有决定性影响,理论上解释了普遍存在的有机物吸附量与logKow呈正相关的实验现象.疏水性吸附力的作用前提是有机物为疏水性,即当水分子的引力作用较弱时疏水性作用力才可以表现出来;而对于亲水性有机物,疏水性吸附力会被水分子的引力所抵消,吸附强度减弱.模拟红外光谱和电荷分布结果表明,吸附前后无化学键断裂和电子得失的发生,只有原子电荷密度的微小变化,据此推测疏水性吸附力以分子间弱相互作用力——London色散力为主.     

滇西北高原湖泊剑湖演变过程及其生态环境效应分析

以滇西北高原湖泊剑湖为研究区,1974—2015年间8期遥感影像为数据源,运用遥感和地理信息系统技术,研究剑湖湖泊近40年间的时空演变过程,探析剑湖湖泊的入湖污染物及其生态环境效应变化。结果表明:近40年来剑湖湖泊面积呈现先明显减少再增加后缓慢减少的变化规律,由1974年的504.47 hm~2减至2015年的451.72 hm~2;目前剑湖水体中COD含量较低,符合地表水环境质量Ⅱ类标准;TP含量满足Ⅲ类标准;TN含量仅可满足IV类标准;剑湖入湖的主要污染源是农村生活污染和农业面源污染;随着时间的演变剑湖湖泊TN、TP污染物浓度呈上升趋势,剑湖湖泊生态系统受到极大干扰。     

大气中酮类化合物污染事故应急监测

研究了大气中低分子量酮类化合物的气相色谱测定方法 ,进行了线性范围、精密度和准确度实验。结果表明 ,该方法具有简便快捷、准确灵敏的特点 ,适合于大气污染事故应急监测     

分子吸附器在光学相机污染控制中的应用研究

分子吸附器作为一种新型的在轨污染控制手段,具有使用方便、重量轻、无功耗和成本低等特点,可以为航天器光学相机提供在轨污染控制。从在轨分子污染物和分子吸附器特点两方面进行分析,描述了光学相机在轨污染物来源及特点,分析了污染物成分及对光学相机的危害,阐述了分子吸附器(包括吸附剂和基底)的组成及吸附特点。结合相机结构,提出了分子吸附器在光学相机污染控制中的应用方案,并明确了今后的研究方向。     

Real-time fluorescent quantitative immuno-PCR method for determination of fluoranthene in water samples with a molecular beacon

A reliable and sensitive competitive real-time fluorescent quantitative immuno-PCR (RTFQ-IPCR) assay using a molecular beacon was developed for the determination of trace fluoranthene (FL) in the environment. Under optimized assay conditions, FL can be determined in the concentration range from 1 fg/mL to 100 ng/mL, with y = 0.194x + 7.859, and a correlation coe cient of 0.967 was identified, with a detection limit of 0.6 fg/mL. Environmental water samples were successfully analyzed, recovery was between 90% and 116%, with intra-day relative standard deviation (RSD) of 6.7%–12.8% and inter-day RSD of 8.4%–15.2%. The results obtained from RTFQ-IPCR were confirmed by ELISA, showing good accuracy and suitability to analyze FL in field samples. As a highly sensitive method, the molecular beacon-based RTFQ-IPCR is acceptable and promising for providing reliable test results to make environmental decisions.     

Molecular biomarkers of energy metabolism in mussels under anthropogenic pollution of Peter the Great Bay, the Sea of Japan

The functional state of the indicator species, the Gray mussel Crenomytilus grayanus (Bivalvia), has been analyzed in five areas of Peter the Great Bay exposed to anthropogenic pollution. The following indices of the state of mussels have been used: molecular biomarkers of energy metabolism—Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase, Mg²⁺-ATPase, and total ATPase activity—as well as the level of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and glutathione concentration in the hepatopancreas, gills, and gonads of mussels. The activity of ATPases, LPO level, and glutathione concentration significantly change in mussels from polluted areas relative to those in mussels from a conventionally unpolluted area (a bay in the Far Eastern State Marine Reserve). The molecular biomarkers used in the study provide reliable information on animal metabolism in impact areas. With consideration of the data obtained, it is concluded that the state of mussels in polluted areas is impaired.     

臭氧活性炭工艺中卤乙酸生成潜能与相对分子质量分布关系的研究

通过臭氧生物活性炭和微曝气生物活性炭(O₃/BAC和micro-aeration/BAC)2套工艺研究其对不同相对分子质量有机物去除特点和不同相对分子量有机物生成的卤乙酸及其去除特性.结果表明,O₃/BAC工艺对相对分子质量区间>30×10³的有机物去除率超过90%.O₃/BAC与micro-aeration/BAC出水中,UV₂₅₄值表示相对分子质量<103的有机物超过50%,相对分子量区间在10×10³～30×10³的有机物占20%～30%;在O₃/BAC和微曝气/BAC工艺出水中,以相对分子质量<10³的有机物生成的卤乙酸最多,生成DCAA、TCAA、DBAA分别为97.00、38.55、2.10μg/L和104.00、42.75和2.92μg/L;采用各处理单元不同分子量有机物与氯反应生成的DCAA、TCAA、DBAA和THAAs与相对应的UV₂₅₄值进行线性拟合,相关系数分别为0.827、0.851 3、0.815 7和0.878.UV₂₅₄与臭氧生物活性炭处理工艺出水中的卤乙酸生成潜能具有较好的线性关系.     

Temperature effects on mortality and household adaptation: Evidence from China

This paper examines the effects of extreme temperatures on mortality rates, using random year-to-year variation in temperature based on county-level panel data from China. The analysis finds a robust, U-shaped relationship between temperature and mortality rates, indicating that extremely cold or hot temperatures lead to excess deaths. The heat-related (cold-related) effect is 3.5 times (3.2 times) as large as previous findings that used U.S. data, and it is especially large for the elderly population, mainly due to excess deaths caused by cardiovascular diseases. Applying these results to climate change predictions from Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model shows that by 2061–2080 the annual mortality rate is likely to increase by 14.2% if global greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise throughout the 21st century, the estimated health cost of which is around 0.98 trillion Chinese Yuan per year. The paper also explores households’ adaptation behaviors to extreme temperatures. It finds that although urban households adaptively increase energy consumption when they are exposed to cold temperatures and purchase more air conditioners on hot and cold days, rural households are unresponsive to temperature fluctuations. This finding implies that rural people may be more resource constrained and suffer more when extreme temperatures occur.