The spectral reflectance of recently formed salt marshes at the mouth of the Yangtze River, which are undergoing invasion
by Spartina alterniflora, were assessed to determine the potential utility of remotely sensed data in assessing future invasion and changes in species
composition. Following a review of published research on remote sensing of salt marshes, 53 locations along three transects
were sampled for paired data on plant species composition and spectral reflectance using a FieldSpec™ Pro JR Field Portable
Spectroradiometer. Spectral data were processed concerning reflectance, and the averaged reflectance values for each sample
were reanalysed to correspond to a 12-waveband bandset of the Compact Airborne Spectral Imager. The spectral data were summarised
using principal components analysis (PCA) and the relationships between the vegetation composition, and the PCA axes of spectral
data were examined. The first PCA axis of the reflectance data showed a strong correlation with variability in near infrared
reflectance and ‘brightness’, while the second axis was correlated with visible reflectance and ‘greenness’. Total vegetation
cover, vegetation height, and mudflat cover were all significantly related to the first axis. The implications of this in
terms of the ability of remote sensing to distinguish the various salt marsh species and in particular the invasive species
S. alterniflora were discussed. Major differences in species with various physiognomies could be recognised but problems occurred in separating
early colonising S. alterniflora from other species at that stage. Further work using multi-seasonal hyperspectral data might assist in solving these problems. 相似文献
Risk evaluation of mixtures of asphalt and inorganic salts such as sodium nitrate, sodium nitrite, sodium carbonate and sodium dihydrogenphosphate was conducted. The ignition and the combustion characteristics of mixtures of asphalt and oxidizing salts were obtained. Quasi-heat-accumulation experiments of asphalt–salt mixtures were conducted using about 1 kg samples. Six types of asphalt–salt mixtures were made and their ignition characteristics were examined in the quasi-heat-accumulation experiments. Then to clarify burning behavior of the asphalt–salt mixtures, experiments for understanding their combustion characteristics were conducted using a cone calorimeter.
The main results are as follows.
(1) In the quasi-heat-accumulation experiment, a region with high concentration of the salt mixture particles was made at the bottom of the sample vessel through the process of their sedimentation. An exothermic reaction started in this region. Just before the asphalt–salt mixture was ignited, a huge amount of white smoke was released. A kind of jet flame of a few meters in height was created.
(2) Based on the data of ignition temperature from the cone calorimeter experiments, ignition of asphalt was caused by a chemical reaction of asphalt with an oxidizing salt. The combustion of the asphalt–salt mixture contained the self-heating reaction. 相似文献