Sex pheromones and their potential role in the evolution of reproductive isolation in small ermine moths (Yponomeutidae)

Summary Sex pheromone communication in the nine European species of small ermine moths (Yponomeuta) is reviewed in regard to the potential role of pheromones in the speciation process. Six of the nine species studied (viz.,Y. evonymellus, Y. cagnagellus, Y. padellus, Y. irrorellus, Y. plumbellus, andY. vigintipunctatus) use a mixture of (E)-11-and (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate in different ratios as primary pheromone components, with combinations of tetradecyl acetate, (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate, (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate and the corresponding alcohols of the acetates as additional pheromone components. Analysis of (Z)- to (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate ratios produced by individual females of these species demonstrated significant variation among females of all species. However, the ranges of ratios produced byY. cagnagellus, Y. irrorellus, andY. plumbellus, sharing the same host-plant species, spindle tree, did not overlap. Niche separation of all six species mentioned required consideration of at least one additional pheromone component or of temporal aspects. The remaining three species,i.e. Y. malinellus, Y. mahalebellus andY. rorellus, have pheromones that differ qualitatively.Biosynthetic routes to the pheromone components identified are proposed on the basis of fatty acid pheromone precursors found in the pheromone glands. A phylogenetic tree for the genus is constructed based on allozyme frequency data and changes in pheromone composition are superimposed on this tree. We suggest that the ancestral ermine moth pheromone is a mixture of (Z)-11- and (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate and the corresponding alcohols, and a scenario of how present-day patterns evolved is outlined. The pheromone differences among the three species using spindle tree as their host-plant might have evolved throughreproductive character displacement upon secondary contact between populations that had already diverged genetically in allopatry. Pheromone differences within the so-calledpadellus-complex (includingY. cagnagellus, Y. mahalebellus, Y. malinellus, Y. padellus, andY. rorellus) in which species might have originated sympatrically, may have evolved byreinforcing selection as these species still hybridise and produce viable offspring when confined in cages. The role of pheromones in reproductive isolation amongYponomeuta species is emphasised by (1) the function of pheromone components of some of the species as behavioural antagonists to other species, (2) the cross-attraction under experimental conditions between allochronic species with similar pheromones, and (3) the formation of hybrids in the laboratory between species that are isolated in nature by pheromone differences.     

(Z)-11-Pentacosene is the major sex pheromone component inDrosophila virilis (Diptera)

Summary A crude cuticular extract from 3450 virgin 9–13 day old female fruit flies(Drosophila virilis), was subjected to chromatography accompanied by bioassay for sex pheromone activity. After three chromatographic steps, fractions containing active monoenes and dienes were obtained. Chemical analysis by infrared absorption, gas liquid chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of the active fraction indicated that active monoenes were comprised chiefly of (Z)-11-pentacosene (abbreviated (Z)-11-C_25:1), (Z)-13-C_27:1, (Z)-13- and (Z)-14-C_29:1. Synthetic monoenes were made, and only (Z)-11-C_25:1 elicited good courtship behaviour in maleD. virilis. Therefore it was concluded that (Z)-11-C_25:1 was a major sex pheromone. A total of 16.2±1.32 µg of cuticular hydrocarbons was isolated from 10 day old females, including 5.9±0.56 µg of (Z)-11-C_25:1. An additive effect was suggested from the higher observed courtship response when using a mixture of active dienes with the active monoene.     

The Antiquities Act,national monuments,and the regional economy

Large, landscape-scale national monuments have long been controversial. It has been claimed that large monuments harm local economies by restricting growth of the grazing, timber, mining, and energy industries. Others have asserted that large monuments aid economic growth by reducing reliance on volatile commodity markets and fostering tourism growth. In this study, we use a synthetic control approach to measure the average causal effect of nine national monument designations on county-level per capita income. We find no evidence that monument designation affected per capita income in any of 20 counties hosting nine large (>50,000 acres) national monuments established under the Antiquities Act (six monuments) or by legislative action (three monuments). The broad economic claims of both advocates and critics of large national monuments have little empirical support. The absence of a designation effect for large national monuments is likely due to the attributes of federal land and the legal constraints under which it is managed.     

Workplace response of companies exposed to the 9/11 World Trade Center attack: a focus‐group study

The terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 (9/11) left workplaces in pressing need of a mental health response capability. Unaddressed emotional sequelae may be devastating to the productivity and economic stability of a company's workforce. In the second year after the attacks, 85 employees of five highly affected agencies participated in 12 focus groups to discuss workplace mental health issues. Managers felt ill prepared to manage the magnitude and the intensity of employees' emotional responses. Rapid return to work, provision of workplace mental health services, and peer support were viewed as contributory to emotional recovery. Formal mental health services provided were perceived as insufficient. Drawing on their post‐9/11 workplace experience, members of these groups identified practical measures that they found helpful in promoting healing outside of professional mental health services. These measures, consistent with many principles of psychological first aid, may be applied by workplace leaders who are not mental health professionals.     

太原市迎泽湖富营养化控制的模型研究

针对湖泊富营养化问题,对太原市迎泽湖进行资料收集和长期水体监测,综合水动力模型、水质模型,融合参与湖泊富营养化的各种生命活动过程,建立湖泊富营养化耦合模型,用实测水质数据进行参数率定与验证,选取总氮、总磷、叶绿素a及透明度4项因子进行模拟,得出迎泽湖营养物质输移扩散及时空分布规律.结合迎泽湖实际情况,从补水方式、补水频率以及改变湖泊柔性结构三方面,提出改变水动力条件的方案并进行数值模拟,研究了各方案水动力、物质输移扩散的改进效果,结果表明,作为富营养化程度表征的叶绿素a在空间和时间分布上均存在一定的规律性,其浓度变化范围在0.035~0.105mg/L之间;藻类等浮游植物迅速增殖导致水质恶化水华暴发,而采取加大湖水水力循环和改善入口水质的控制方案,可有效改善湖水水质.     

Mechanistic insights into the selective photocatalytic degradation of dyes over TiO2/ZSM-11

● TiO₂/ZSM-11 was prepared by a facile solid state dispersion method. ● Mechanism for photocatalytic degradation of dyes was investigated. ● Both experimental and MD simulations were conducted. ● Chemisorption instead of electrostatic interaction played a critical role. Photocatalytic degradation is a promising way to eliminate dye contaminants. In this work, a series of TiO₂/ZSM-11 (TZ) nanocomposites were prepared using a facile solid state dispersion method. Methyl orange (MO), methylene blue (MB), and rhodamine B (RhB) were intentionally chosen as target substrates in the photocatalytic degradation reactions. Compared to pristine TiO₂, negative effect was observed on MO degradation while promoted kinetics were collected on MB and RhB over TZ composites. Moreover, a much higher photocatalytic rate was interestingly achieved on RhB than MB, which indicated that a new factor has to be included other than the widely accepted electrostatic interaction mechanism to fully understand the selective photodegradation reactions. Systematic characterizations showed that TiO₂ and ZSM-11 physically mixed and maintained both the whole framework and local structure without chemical interaction. The different trends observed in surface area and the photo-absorption ability of TZ composites with reaction performance further excluded both as the promotion mechanism. Instead, adsorption energies predicted by molecular dynamics simulations suggested that differences in the adsorption strength played a critical role. This work provided a deep mechanistic understanding of the selective photocatalytic degradation of dyes reactions, which helps to rationally design highly efficient photocatalysts.     

盐沉积方式对TC11钛合金热盐腐蚀行为的影响

目的 对比研究人工涂盐方法和盐雾试验方法沉积盐膜对TC11钛合金热腐蚀行为的影响规律。方法 对人工涂盐和盐雾试验沉积盐膜的TC11钛合金试样500℃高温热盐腐蚀形貌、腐蚀动力学和腐蚀机理进行对比分析。结果 2种不同盐膜沉积方式的TC11钛合金试样表面盐分的分布形态存在明显的区别,盐雾腐蚀试样表面的盐分存在局部聚集现象,人工涂盐试样盐分分布较为均匀。2种方式沉积盐分试样热盐腐蚀试验后,从腐蚀较严重面积S大小角度对比,人工涂盐试样>盐雾试验试样;从局部腐蚀最大深度D看,盐雾试验试样盐分集中区域>人工涂盐试样>盐雾试验试样盐分较少区域。腐蚀动力学均遵从抛物线规律,盐雾试验试样和人工涂盐试样的热盐腐蚀抛物线速率常数分别比未沉积盐试样氧化抛物线速率常数提高了26倍和63倍。2类盐沉积试样的热盐腐蚀机理相同,失效模式相近。结论 人工涂盐方法可以代替盐雾试验进行钛合金热盐腐蚀实验室加速试验,但需要注意腐蚀形态特征上存在一定的差异性。     

Environmental friendly automated line for recovering the cabinet of waste refrigerator

A large amount of hazardous trichloromonofluoromethane (CFC-11) is contained in the polyurethane (PUR) foam of refrigerator cabinet. How to recover the cabinet of waste refrigerator with environmental awareness has been the pressing problem in the treatment of waste refrigerator. The published literature of waste refrigerator cabinets recovering mainly focuses on policy making and conceptual design. Little information relates to the production line of waste refrigerator cabinet recovering and its detailed operation, which is the urgent needed literature. In this paper, an environmental friendly production line for recovering the cabinet of waste refrigerators was reported for helping enterprise or government to construct line to recover the obsolete refrigerators. It included closed shearing process, activated carbon fiber absorption (ACFA) process, air current separation, and magnetic/eddy current separation. The optimized operating parameters of every process were obtained from the experiments. Then, experiment of recovering 50 waste refrigerator cabinets by the production line was performed in factory. Mass balances of the recovered materials were carried out. The result shown the recovery rate of waste refrigerator cabinet could reach 97.6%. Finally, comparison between the production line and other recovery technologies was made. The results indicated that the proposed line provided environment-friendly recovery of waste refrigerator cabinets while achieving low cost of production.     

A sex pheromone component novel to Ostrinia identified from Ostrinia latipennis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

Summary. Extracts from the sex pheromone gland of Ostrinia latipennis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) were analyzed by gas chromatography-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) and GC-mass spectrometry. Only an EAD-active compound was detected in the extract, and it was identified as (E)-11-tetradecenol (E11-14:OH). In a wind-tunnel bioassay, E11-14:OH elicited a series of mate finding behaviors from males, although it was far less active than virgin females and crude extract of the pheromone gland. The attractiveness of E11-14:OH to O. latipennis males was confirmed by field trapping experiments. Based on these findings, we concluded that E11-14:OH, which is novel to the genus Ostrinia, is a major component of the sex pheromone in O. latipennis. The significance of the use of alcohol in place of the usual acetates in Ostrinia is discussed in relation to the pheromone biosynthesis system. Received 9 December 1999; accepted 14 March 2000     

基于MIKE21模型的沙河水库水量水质响应模拟研究

沙河水库是北运河上游水系重要的汇,同时也是多源污染的重要聚集处,呈现非常规水源补给的缓滞水体特征,作为城市景观水体,对水环境和水生态要求较高,因此,沙河水库的治理对下游的水质改善至关重要.为进一步全面提升沙河水库水环境质量,以昌平区沙河水库为研究区域,采用MIKE21构建库区二维水动力水质模型,对沙河水库水量水质变化情...