长江三角洲地区大气顶气溶胶直接辐射强迫遥感估算

利用MODIS和OMI卫星遥感数据估算长江三角洲地区大气顶气溶胶直接辐射强迫并分析其时空变化特征.结果表明了大气顶辐射强迫和气溶胶光学厚度(AOT)存在明显的线性相关关系,R和RMSE分别为0.89和5.50.大气顶辐射强迫的区域月平均变化范围大约在-10~-70W/m2之间,一年中最大值(-53.97±6.14W/m2)和AOT一样出现在6月,最小值(-16.41±2.10W/m2)出现在12月.4个季节的大小依次是:夏季(-44.30±9.09W/m2)>春季(-42.00±7.83W/m2)>秋季(-28.02±6.32W/m2)>冬季(-20.40±5.00W/m2).在6 月,大气顶气溶胶辐射强迫空间差异最明显,在太湖沿岸的城市地区,如上海、杭州,辐射强迫可达-70W/m2,而在千岛湖地区大约为-10W/m2.在12月,空间差异最小,北部城市地区大约为-20 W/m2;南部地区大约为-10 W/m2.     

基于FY-3A/VIRR和TERRA/MODIS数据藏北干旱监测对比

为获得藏北地区干旱遥感监测的方法,以及验证FY-3A/VIRR数据在藏北地区干旱监测的可行性,论文基于2015年7月25日—8月4日FY-3A/VIRR和TERRA/MODIS数据,计算NDVI和EVI反演温度植被干旱指数（TVDI）,利用实测20 cm土壤水分数据和气象站点累计降水量验证并对比了两种数据源、不同TVDI的遥感干旱监测的精度。结果表明：1）拟合干湿边时,噪点和拟合像元数影响TVDI监测的精度,去除噪点可提高干湿边拟合精度和干旱监测精度;2）MODIS-TVDI_E（下标E表示EVI反演）、MODIS-TVDI_N（下标N表示NDVI反演）、FY/VIRR-TVDI_E、FY/VIRR-TVDI_N与实测20 cm土壤水分数据和累计降水量的相关性检验都达到了0.05的水平,说明基于两种数据源采用TVDI的方法都能有效监测藏北地区干旱。其中,MODIS-TVDI_E和FY/VIRR-TVDI_E监测精度分别高于MODIS-TVDI_N和FY/VIRR-TVDI_N,表明TVDI_E的监测精度优于TVDI_N。MODIS-TVDI的监测精度高于FY/VIRR-TVDI,反映MODIS数据在藏北地区干旱监测精度优于FY/VIRR数据;3）基于MODIS-TVDI_E和FY/VIRR-TVDI_E划分的藏北地区干旱空间特征结果大体相同,说明FY/VIRR数据也可作为气象部门监测干旱的业务化产品,为藏北地区干旱监测提供数据支撑。     

The expansion of tree-based boom crops in mainland Southeast Asia: 2001 to 2014

Over the past half century, countries of Mainland Southeast Asia (MSEA) – Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam – have witnessed increases in commercialized agriculture with rapid expansions of boom-crop plantations. We used MODIS EVI and SWIR time-series from 2001–2014 to classify tree-cover changes across MSEA and performed a supervised change detection using an upscaling approach by deriving samples from existing Landsat classifications. We used the random forest classifier and distinguished 24 classes (16 representing boom-crops) with an accuracy of 82.2%. Boom-crops occupy about 18% of the landscape (8% of which is rubber). Since 2003 74,960 km² of rubber have been planted; 70% of rubber is planted on former forest land, and 30% on low vegetation area (mainly former croplands). Timing, patterns of change, and deforestation rates, however, differ among the MSEA countries and the high spatial and temporal detail of our classification allowed us to quantify dynamics and discuss political and socio-economic drivers of change.     

Quantification of net primary production of Chinese forest ecosystems with spatial statistical approaches

Net primary production (NPP) of terrestrial ecosystems provides food, fiber, construction materials, and energy to humans. Its demand is likely to increase substantially in this century due to rising population and biofuel uses. Assessing national forest NPP is of importance to best use forest resources in China. To date, most estimates of NPP are based on process-based ecosystem modeling, forestry inventory, and satellite observations. There are little efforts in using spatial statistical approaches while large datasets of in-situ observed NPP are available for Chinese forest ecosystems. Here we use the surveyed forest NPP and ecological data at 1,266 sites, the data of satellite forest coverage, and the information of climate and topography to estimate Chinese forest NPP and their associated uncertainties with two geospatial statistical approaches. We estimate that the Chinese forest and woodland ecosystems have total NPP of 1,325 ± 102 and 1,258 ± 186 Tg C year⁻¹ in 1.57 million km² forests with a regression method and a kriging method, respectively. These estimates are higher than the satellite-based estimate of 1,034 Tg C year⁻¹ and almost double the estimate of 778 Tg C year⁻¹ using a process-based terrestrial ecosystem model. Cross-validation suggests that the estimates with the kriging method are more accurate. Our developed geospatial statistical models could be alternative tools to provide national-level NPP estimates to better use Chinese forest resources.     

MODIS 3 km气溶胶光学厚度产品检验及其环境空气质量指示

分析了MODIS C006 3 km卫星遥感气溶胶产品的算法流程,并与AERONET观测数据进行对比验证,综合新疆阿克苏地区地面空气子站1年的颗粒物质量浓度(PM10)、环境气象资料(能见度、湿度等),评估了该高分辨率气溶胶产品的精度和稳定性.分析表明,MODIS 3 km AOD与AERONET地基AOD(Issyk-Kul)的相关系数(r)达到0.8836,满足期望误差要求,但存在高估;研究区AOD和PM10存在同步变化趋势,新疆阿克苏市区2个空气子站PM10质量浓度与AOD的相关系数(r)均大于0.55,直接对比的相关性好于类似研究;经高度订正和湿度订正后AOD-PM10的相关系数和拟合优度均有所提高,标准误差和变异系数均下降,但提升并不明显.这一相关性结果与研究区本底气象环境条件有关.MODIS 3 km AOD的季平均结果表明,阿克苏地区AOD存在显著的季节性变化,春季明显高于其他季节,主要城市春季平均AOD在1.5以上,夏季和秋季AOD均值基本介于0.6~0.7之间,阿克苏市主城区夏秋季AOD季均值仍在1.0以上,反映人口集聚、城市交通工业发展等大气人为污染的增加导致AOD的增高.结果表明,MODIS C006 3 km AOD产品质量稳定,其月、季平均等长时间尺度结果有更好的空间覆盖,可满足区域环境空气质量评估的需要.     

基于RUSLE模型的延河流域2001-2010年土壤侵蚀动态变化

以黄土高原典型丘陵沟壑区--延河流域为研究区, 基于GIS和RS技术, 利用2001-2010年延河流域水文站月降雨量数据、MODIS NDVI数据、DEM数据、土壤类型数据和土地利用数据,率定了修正的通用土壤流失方程(RUSLE)的相关参数,计算了研究区2001-2010年逐年的土壤侵蚀模数, 利用杏河水文站实测的泥沙数据, 验证了模型的有效性,分析了延河流域土壤侵蚀强度的时空变化特征。结果表明,2001年到2010年延河流域土壤侵蚀模数呈减小趋势,2001年土壤侵蚀模数最大,为6 596.72 t/(km²·a),2008年土壤侵蚀模数最小,减小到2 485.46 t/(km²·a),降低62.32%;2009年由于暴雨冲刷,土壤侵蚀模数显著增大;2010年土壤侵蚀模数和2006、2007年相差不多;土壤侵蚀强度分布比例变化明显,土壤侵蚀强度为强度、极强、剧烈的面积比分别由16.21%、21.93%和12.36%降低为10.85%、4.58%和0.39%。土壤侵蚀强度等级转移矩阵表明大部分地区的土壤侵蚀强度向低一级转移,2001-2005年31.68%的面积土壤侵蚀强度降低一级,2005-2010年42.13%的面积土壤侵蚀强度降低一级。     

基于MODIS的湖南省农业干旱监测模型

诸多遥感干旱监测指数已被成功应用于中国北方地区,但在南方湿润地区的应用则相对较少。以湖南省为研究区,结合遥感(RS)、地理信息系统(GIS)技术,利用MODIS增强植被状态指数(EVCI)和温度状态指数(TCI)的复合信息,并根据EVCI和TCI对干旱信息的敏感程度不同,赋予不同的权重值,建立干旱状态指数(DCI)遥感监测模型,并将该模型应用于湖南省农作物的旱情监测,得到了湖南省耕地旱情等级的空间分布图。通过与该省97个气象台站同期获取的综合气象干旱指数(CI)的相关分析与验证,表明DCI与CI指数的线性相关显著,EVCI和TCI的权重分别取值0.4和0.6时为最佳组合,并论证了该模型适宜南方地区的干旱监测。     

Validation of MODIS aerosol retrievals and evaluation of potential cloud contamination in East Asia

MODIS aerosol retrievals onboard Terra/Aqua and ground truth data obtained from AERONET(Aerosol Robtic Network) solar direct radiance measurements are collocated to evaluate the quality of the former in East Asia. AERONET stations in East Asia are separated into two groups according to their locations and the preliminary validation results for each station. The validation results showed that the accuracy of MODIS aerosol retrievals in East Asia is a little worse than that obtained in other regions such as Eastern U.S., Western Europe, Brazil and so on. The primary reason is due to the improper aerosol model used in MODIS aerosol retrieval algorithm, so it is of significance to characterize aerosol properties properly according to long term ground-based remote sensing or other relevant in situ observations in order to improve MODIS retrievals in East Asia. Cloud contamination is proved to be one of large errors, which is demonstrated by the significant relation between MODIS aerosol retrievals versus cloud fraction, as well as notable improvement of linear relation between satellite and ground aerosol data after potential cloud contamination screened. Hence, it is suggested that more stringent clear sky condition be set in use of MODIS aerosol data. It should be pointed out that the improvement might be offset by other error sources in some cases because of complex relation between different errors. Large seasonal variation of surface reflection and uncertainties associated with it result in large intercepts and random error in MODIS aerosol retrievals in northern inland of East Asia. It remains to be a big problem to retrieve aerosols accurately in inland characterized by relatively larger surface reflection than the requirement in MODIS aerosol retrieval algorithm.     

“ 3S ”技术在关中地区秸秆焚烧遥感监测中的应用

综合应用“3S”技术是遥感监测向“业务化、定量化、系列化”发展的必然趋势。利用“3S”技术中的RS可进行实时火情动态监测、GPS可用于火点的快速查找和检验遥感监测的定位精度、GIS可用于制作精细化火情地理信息产品。通过对MODIS遥感资料的通道特性和光谱特征分析，指出“3S”技术可以作为秸秆焚烧动态监测资料的处理流程和量化判识指标。实例证明了2004年在关中地区进行的麦秸秆焚烧监测应用效果是良好的。     

应用MODIS监测太湖蓝藻水华时空分布特征

利用波段比值算法对经几何校正和大气矫正后的MODIS/Terra L 1B数据进行处理,获取了2004～2010年天气晴好条件下太湖及各分湖区蓝藻水华的面积与时空分布,并在此基础上对太湖蓝藻水华的时空变化特征进行了分析。结果表明：2004～2010年太湖地区共暴发蓝藻水华539次;2004～2007年太湖蓝藻水华首次暴发时间逐年提前,暴发频次逐年增加,2007～2010年太湖蓝藻水华首次暴发时间逐年推迟,暴发频次逐年减少;2004～2010年3～8月份蓝藻水华暴发次数有增加的趋势,8～12月份蓝藻水华暴发次数有减小的趋势;2004～2010年太湖蓝藻水华主要发生在北部和西部湖区,东部和南部湖区发生次数较少,各分湖区蓝藻水华暴发概率大小的顺序为：西部沿岸>大太湖>梅梁湾>南部沿岸>竺山湖>贡湖