天津植被指数对气候因子响应的敏感性分析

探索植被覆盖与气候变化相互关系是全球环境变化研究领域的重要内容之一,研究特定区域植被对气候变化响应特征对植被重建和生态恢复具有重要意义。然而,目前植被对气候因子响应的敏感性研究还十分缺乏。利用1982—2003年8km×8km的NASA/GIMMS半月合成的归一化植被指数（NDVI）和同期气候数据,研究了天津地区NDVI对气候因子响应特征及其敏感性。结果表明：植被NDVI与气温及降水均有显著非线性正相关关系（P〈0.0001）;在半月平均气温低于0℃时,植被NDVI与气温没有显著性相关,而从气温高于0℃,一直到高于22℃,NDVI与气温的关系均达到显著性水平（P〈0.05）,但相关性是逐渐降低的;当半月平均气温高于23℃及以上时,NDVI与气温没有显著的相关关系（P〉0.05）;当半月降水量〉0mm时,NDVI与降水存在极显著正相关关系（P〈0.0001）,随着降水量的增加,相关关系减弱,在降水量大于50mm时,NDVI与降水没有显著相关关系（P〉0.05）;研究结果证实,天津地区植被指数对气候的响应存有明显的非线性特征,在低温和低降水量条件下植被的响应更为敏感,23℃和50mm分别是该地区影响植被生长的气温和降水阈值。结合1982—2003年逐半月气候条件分析发现,气温的影响主要是春、秋两季,而降水的影响主要表现在春、秋及夏初。     

基于RS和GIS的嫩江下游土地沙漠化景观格局变化特征分析

以2004、2008年的MODIS数据为主要数据源,在ArcGIS 9.0、ERDAS IMAGE 9.0等软件支持下,利用FRAGSTATS软件分析土地沙漠化的景观格局变化.结果表明,研究区域沙漠化土地以轻度和中度沙漠化土地为主;各景观要素的边缘密度和斑块密度呈现一致性的减少,表明斑块形状趋向简单,景观整体破碎化程度降低,边缘效应影响减小;除水域景观外,其他景观要素的形状指数和分维数都呈现一致性的下降,表明整体景观的形状都向着简单化和稳定性方向发展,各景观要素的散布与并列指数和聚集度指数都呈现一致性的增加,反映出各要素斑块趋向大型化发展,景观整体连接度增强,破碎化程度降低,景观相互作用和空间关系增强.     

海洋初级生产力的卫星遥感估算模型

海洋初级生产力估算在渔业资源管理、碳循环和全球变化研究中具有重要意义,准确的海洋初级生产力估算模型可直接为渔业生产和海洋管理提供决策支持,卫星遥感技术能够及时提供地表大尺度、动态的生态环境参数,因而在海洋初级生产力估算方面得到了广泛的应用.首先介绍了遥感估算海洋初级生产力的原理,对不同遥感模犁包括经验模型和基于生物机理的BPM模型、LPCM模型和VGPM模型等生理过程模型进行了比较分析.以渤黄海海域为研究区,利用MODIS/AQIJA卫星数据产品中的海表温度SST、离水辐射率Lw、海水漫射衰减系数.Kd490和海洋光合有效辐射PAR,计算出水柱的最大碳固定速率、真光层深度、遥感叶绿素浓度.选择全遥感数据驱动的生理过程模型VGPM,对渤黄海的初级生产力进行了估算和分析.结果表明:通过MODIS卫星数据基于VGPM模型估算的渤黄海海域的海洋初级生产力很好地揭示了海洋初级生产力在不同海区的分布和变化.整个渤黄海海区初级生产力的总体分布为从近海向外逐渐降低,其中渤海要较高一些,和前人调查比较一致.     

三江源地区基于植被生长季的NDVI对气候因子响应的差异性研究

采用1999—2008年NDVI和三江源地区及周边31个气象站点的温度和降水旬数据,在确定每年5月中旬至9月底作为三江源地区植被生长季（14旬）的基础上,分析NDVI对气候因子变化响应的区域差异。结果显示：以巴颜喀拉山为界,三江源西部生长季内NDVI指数对温度、降水的线性相关性明显比中东部普遍,同时,不同海拔地段响应程度存在着明显的差异,且海拔5300m左右为线性响应的最高限,NDVI对气候因子的线性响应主要表现为对温度正相关和降水负相关。因此,对三江源生长季内植被生长而言,水条件明显好于温度条件,并且温度对植被覆盖的影响通过直接正相关和降水负相关表现出来,温度是三江源地区植被生长的主导因子。     

Analysis of satellite imagery using a simple algorithm supports evidence that Trichodesmium supplies a significant new nitrogen load to the GBR lagoon

This work supports previous studies in the Great Barrier Reef lagoon that show the new nitrogen (N) load introduced by Trichodesmium is similar to or greater than that from riverine discharges. However, the current management programs aimed at improving the chronic eutrophic state of the GBR ignore the N load from Trichodesmium. These programs also ignore the evidence that Trichodesmium blooms could promote the bioavailability of heavy metals and be a source of toxins in the ciguatera food chain. Further work is urgently required to better quantify the potential impacts of Trichodesmium and develop management plans to reduce those impacts. A simple algorithm that uses MODIS imagery is developed for not only monitoring the spatial extent of Trichodesmium blooms but also for quantifying the concentration of those blooms. The algorithm is based on the readily available MODIS L2 data. A management plan that includes the harvesting of Trichodesmium is outlined.     

Changes in vegetation persistence across global savanna landscapes, 1982–2010

We present a global analysis of the changing face of vegetation persistence in savanna ecosystems by boreal seasons. We utilized nearly 30 years of monthly normalized difference vegetation index data in an innovative time-series approach and developed associated statistical significance tests, making the application of continuous vegetation metrics both more rigorous and more useful to research. We found that 8,000,000–11,000,000 km² of savanna have experienced significant vegetation decline during each season, while 20,000,000–23,000,000 km² have experienced an increase in vegetation persistence during each season, relative to the baseline period (1982–1985). In addition, with the exception of the March–April–May season, which is mixed, the pattern of significant vegetation persistence in the Northern Hemisphere is almost exclusively positive, while it is negative in the Southern Hemisphere. This finding highlights the increasing vulnerability of the Southern Hemisphere savanna landscapes; either resulting from changing precipitation regimes (e.g., southern Africa) or agricultural pressures and conversions (e.g., South America).     

黄河源植被时空变化及其对地形和气候的响应

基于2000~2019年MODIS归一化植被指数（NDVI）遥感数据,辅以同期气温、降水和地形数据,通过最大值合成、趋势分析及相关分析法,分析了黄河源区植被的时空变化特征及其对地形和气候变化的响应.结果表明：黄河源区植被NDVI整体处于中高水平,但空间差异显著,呈现由东南向西北递减的空间分布格局;近20a来,植被总体上呈现出变好的趋势.植被对高程和坡度响应明显,随着高程的增加,植被NDVI呈现先增加后减少的趋势,但在3500~4100m区间植被NDVI变化不显著;此外,植被NDVI随着坡度的增大呈现出先增大后减小的变化趋势,且在24~26°坡度带植被NDVI达到最大值.黄河源区植被受气温和降水的共同影响,与降水相比,气温对黄河源区植被变化的影响更为显著.     

基于TM影像的弥勒县植被覆盖变化率研究

归一化植被指数（NDVI）是目前用以表征植被覆盖、生长状况的一个简单、有效的度量参数。本文以弥勒县1992年4月及2006年6月的两景不同时期的TM影像数据为基础,提取NDVI植被指数并进行优化处理,做出植被覆盖的基本分类,并将所得数字图像在Arcgis平台上进行面积统计,最后通过统计变化数据得到弥勒县的植被覆盖变化情况。     

Sensitivity of modelled gross primary productivity to topographic effects on surface radiation: A case study in the Cotter River Catchment, Australia

Gross primary productivity (GPP) is a critical response variable for many environmental problems, including terrestrial carbon accounting and the calculation of catchment water balances. Various approaches for modelling GPP have been developed and applied at continental and landscapes scales, but little attention has been given to the sensitivity of GPP to the spatial scale of its driving variables. A key driving variable is surface radiation (R_s) which is influenced by both meso-scale factors (latitude, time of year, cloudiness) and the topographic variables of slope, aspect and horizon shading. We compared the sensitivity of modelled GPP to two different sources of surface radiation (R_s): (1) the ANUCLIM method which only captures the meso-scaled factors; and (2) the SRAD method which incorporates the topographic effects GPP was calculated using the radiation use efficiency (RUE) model (Roderick et al., 2001) to discern general patterns of vegetation productivity at a sub-catchment (i.e. sub-water shed) scale. The radiation use efficiency approach uses the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) derived from satellite data (MODIS TERRA), along with estimates of solar radiation at the top of the atmosphere (R_o) and canopy (R_s). In this approach, R_o and R_s capture the influence of diffuse irradiance in canopy photosynthesis and vegetation productivity respectively. This research showed that R_s calculated using the SRAD program provides important discrimination of GPP regimes at a sub-catchment scale, as the result of minimum and maximum daily radiation varying between shaded and exposed surfaces. However, mean daily radiation at a whole-of-catchment scale did not differ between the two sources as the differences in the minimum and maximum daily values tend to cancel each other out. Applications of GPP models therefore need to consider whether topographic factors are important and select the appropriate source of R_s values. GPP models should also reflect understanding of radiation use efficiency. However, further research is required especially with respect to the influence of water stress on plant response.     

甘肃省植被与对流层甲醛关系及影响因素分析

植被可以截获和吸收大气中的颗粒物、SO₂和NO_x等,对大气污染物具有一定净化作用,但也释放大量挥发性有机物,对光化学烟雾污染的形成具有促进作用.以甘肃省为例,利用卫星资料反演手段,解译了2008-2016年NDVI（植被覆盖指数）和对流层HCHO（甲醛）柱浓度,并探讨了二者之间的关系及影响因素.结果表明:①甘肃省2008-2016年NDVI空间分布梯度呈东南向西北递减的趋势,其年际动态不显著,季节性动态显著,与对流层HCHO柱浓度时空分布及动态有一定的相似性.②甘肃省对流层HCHO柱浓度和NDVI的年变化范围分别为7×1015~11×1015 molec/cm2和0.22~0.25,并且二者之间呈显著正相关,相关系数为0.63.③甘肃省NDVI和对流层HCHO柱浓度的分布与气象因素（如辐射、气温和降水量）有关,并且甘肃省中部对流层HCHO柱浓度分布还与甘肃省人类足迹分布特征相似.研究显示:甘肃省中部人类足迹指数高,HCHO主要来源于人类活动;而甘肃省西部和南部人类足迹指数低,HCHO主要来源于自然排放.