2012~2019年北京市储油库VOCs去除及排放水平变化监测分析

汽油储油库是城市挥发性有机物（VOCs）的重要来源之一,为减少VOCs排放,北京市于2006年开始推动储油库安装油气回收装置,每年监测储油库VOCs排放情况.分析了2012~2019年北京市储油库VOCs排放变化特征,发现2012~2019年北京市储油库VOCs进口浓度经历下降-上升-下降历程,2019年进口平均浓度为165.3 g·m^-3;出口浓度趋于下降趋势,2019年出口平均浓度为7.3 g·m^-3;北京市储油库VOCs去除效率总体趋于稳定,为45.5%~100%.但在油气回收装置出口排放浓度达标率大幅提高的同时,出现了储油库回收装置去除效率反而下降现象.因此,提出加强过程管理,增加检查油气回收装置的运行年限和检查维护保养记录,并将去除效率指标纳入管控范畴,执行"双指标"达标要求等建议.为未来制定储油库精细化管理措施,进一步改善大气环境质量提供科学依据.     

易燃易爆场所雷电灾害风险评估的实践和探讨

根据山东省淄博市博山区雷暴日、闪电时空分布特征,参考IEC62305-2等标准规范,分析加油加气站建设项目所在地大气雷电环境状况和雷电灾害易损性,新增加了雷击火灾、爆炸影响范围评估内容,充分考虑毗邻区域的公共安全问题,最大限度减少雷击人身伤害和财产损失.为技术人员做好易燃易爆场所雷电灾害风险评估提供了可借鉴的技术方法和操作规程,简化风险评估模型,使雷电灾害风险评估分析、计算趋于科学和规范化.强调指出雷击风险评估是防御和减轻雷电灾害的关键环节.各类化工厂、易燃仓储、输送贮存油气、加油加气、烟花爆竹等易燃易爆场所应是雷电灾害风险评估的首要重点领域.     

Photocatalytic degradation of aqueous methyl-tert-butyl-ether (MTBE) in a supported-catalyst reactor

Contamination of groundwater by methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE) poses increasing problems to water companies. Here we demonstrate the feasibility of using a cylindrical, supported-catalyst reactor for photocatalytic degradation of MTBE in water. It was shown that photocatalytic degradation of MTBE follows pseudo first-order kinetics. The maximum reaction rate constant observed was 0.47 hr^–1. The reaction rate increases linearly with increasing light intensity. It was also found that the reaction rate is linearly proportional to the ratio of catalyst surface area to volume of reactor. Complete degradation of MTBE was reached with an excess supply of oxygen.     

MTBE的降解研究进展

论述了目前国外进行MTBE污染物降解性能基础研究的进展,包括生物法、物理化学法、膜方法,并对它们做出了一定的评价,以期它们对国内研究起到指导作用。     

在用车加装催化净化器的技术分析

安装催化净化器是目前控制机动车污染排放最有效的技术手段之一,而用于在用车排放污染的治理,将会遇到很多具体的技术问题。文章从理论与技术两方面来分析如何确保在用车加装催化净化器后有良好的净化效果,根据国外的实践经验来探讨加装催化净化器的环境效益与经济费用,以及国产在用车加装催化净化器的可行性。     

UV/Fenton氧化降解水溶液中甲基叔丁基醚的试验研究

采用UV／Fenton技术对污染水体中的甲基叔丁基醚（MTBE）进行了氧化降解试验。结果表明，在室温条件下，当H2O2为10mmol／L，FC＋为2mmol／L，pH为2．4时，起始摩尔浓度为1mmol／L的MTBE在30min内可去除99％；结果还显示了MTBE的降解分两个阶段，第一阶段是在UV／Fe^2＋／H2O2下的快速降解，第二阶段由于Fe^2＋的大量消耗而降解相对较慢。     

The emergence of stable isotopes in environmental and forensic geochemistry studies: a review

In the past decade, environmental forensics has emerged as a discipline directed toward determining parties liable for causing spills of contaminants into the environment. Such investigations, while geared toward determining the guilty parties in order to recover costs of the cleanup and remediation, require various questions to be addressed. These include determination of the nature of the product; Where did it come from?; Extent of weathering, if any; How long has it been there?; and Is it degrading naturally? Traditionally, these studies have been addressed through utilization of techniques such as gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GCMS). However, in recent years, stable isotopes, primarily determined through the use of combined gas chromatography–isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GCIRMS), have emerged as an equally important tool in environmental forensics. For relatively low molecular, volatile compounds such as MTBE, BTEX, or chlorinated solvents, the isotopes, primarily carbon and hydrogen, have been used extensively for evaluating the onset of natural attenuation. For larger molecules such as PCBs or PAHs, in which the effects of biodegradation on the isotope composition of these molecules is minimal, the isotopic fingerprints of the individual compounds can be used for correlation purposes. In this paper, a brief introduction to isotope geochemistry will be given, followed by a review of applications of stable isotopes to a variety of environmental problems. While the review may not necessarily be exhaustive, it will provide a comprehensive overview of areas where isotopes have been used and potential applications for the future. Most of the review is concerned with carbon and hydrogen isotopes, although a brief overview of the emerging area of chlorine isotopes will also be discussed.     

轻型汽油车尾气OC和EC排放因子实测研究

选取27辆国3~国5轻型汽油车采用实验室底盘测功机和全流稀释定容采样系统(CVS)开展了尾气颗粒物中有机碳(OC)和无机碳(EC)组分的排放因子实测,分析了启动条件、行驶工况和喷油方式对轻型汽油车OC和EC排放的影响.结果表明,国3~国5轻型汽油车OC平均排放因子分别为(2.09±1.03)、(1.59±0.78)和(0.75±0.31)mg·km-1,EC平均排放因子分别为(1.98±1.42)、(1.57±1.80)和(0.65±0.49)mg·km-1,二者均随排放标准的提升呈显著下降趋势,OC/EC值分别为1.54±0.92、1.53±0.91以及1.47±0.66.OC1、OC2以及EC1和EC2是轻型汽油车排放的最主要碳质组分,分别占15.0%、20.6%、22.2%和21.7%.冷启动条件下轻型汽油车OC和EC排放约为热启动的1.4和1.8倍;高速工况下轻型汽油车OC和EC排放因子约为城区工况的2倍和4倍;缸内直喷(GDI)发动机的OC排放因子与进气道喷射(PFI)发动机接近,但EC排放因子约是后者的1.7倍,随着我国轻型汽油车中GDI发动机日渐普及,其EC排放应当引起密切关注.     

关于中国在用汽车排污控制的若干问题--柴油车部分

文章结合《点燃式发动机汽车排气污染物排放限值及测量方法（双怠速法及简易工况法）》（GB18285—2005）修订中的重大问题阐述中国在用汽油车排气烟度控制方面的新要求。主要包括：增加高怠速排污检测、对电喷汽车增加过量空气系数（λ）的限定、新规定了国1以来的在用汽油车双怠速排放限值、双燃料车要对两种燃料分别检测、对简易工况检测法作了规定、制定简易工况检测法排放限值的基本原则和方法、供地方参考的排放限值等。     

MTBE环境行为研究

综合评估了MTBE的环境行为,对MTBE的污染源、污染途径进行分析。MTBE在土壤中的不吸附性和极高的水溶性,使其正在成为一种持久的蔓延性地下水污染物。MTBE的污染源有点源和非点源。人体对MTBE的主要暴露途径为大气途径和水途径。