一种新型吸收剂吸收油气效果与影响因素分析

油气回收在倡导节约资源、保护环境的当今社会有着重要的意义。吸收法作为常见的油气回收手段,影响其吸收效果的关键因素之一是吸收剂的选用。分析了传统油气吸收剂的优缺点,在AbsFOV-97油气吸收剂基础上改进开发得到一种新型吸收剂,搭建了小试平台比较新型与传统吸收剂的吸收效果,并针对新型吸收剂,研究了影响吸收效果的因素,包括进塔油气浓度、吸收剂温度、吸收液喷淋量、进塔油气流量等,根据单因素小试实验设计了正交实验。结果表明,新型吸收剂回收率比改进前提高3.06%,进塔油气浓度为影响吸收效果的最大因素。     

MTBE与雌二醇对螺旋鱼腥藻的联合毒性

以螺旋鱼腥藻(Anabaena spiroides)为实验材料,采用每天测定数据,连续跟踪10d的方法,研究了甲基叔丁基醚(Methyl tert-buty1 ether,MTBE)与雌二醇对螺旋鱼腥藻的单一毒性以及在不同毒性单位配比下的联合毒性,选用毒性单位(TU)、相加指数(AI)、混合毒性指数(MTI)和毒性增大指数(TEI)进行联合毒性评价.结果表明,MTBE与雌二醇共存时,在实验周期(10d)内,其联合作用方式基本表现为协同作用.此外,MTBE和雌二醇的单一毒性和联合毒性数据随着培养时间的变化而产生剧烈变化,毒性数据在培养时间3～7d比较平稳,在4～5d最佳.     

加油站场地油品渗漏探测及土壤污染评估

用洛阳铲采集某地区10座地下贮罐罐龄接近或超过10年的典型加油站场地不同深度土样,并分别用吹脱/捕集/热脱附/气相色谱法和快速溶剂萃取/硅酸镁净化/气相色谱法分析样品中的挥发性和萃取性石油烃,发现2座加油站疑似油品渗漏,其中1座为柴油渗漏,地下贮罐附近1.2 ～3.0 m深度土壤总石油烃含量16.1 ～24.6 g/kg,均超过荷兰土壤清除标准,另1座为汽油和柴油混合渗漏,其地下贮罐附近2.4m深度土壤总石油烃含量较高,但未超标.个别加油站场地较高的土壤天然有机物背景值可能计入EPH的分析结果,但其色谱指纹明显不同于石油烃.     

用空气加热器减少轻型汽油车低温冷启动时HC、CO 排放量的研究

按照《轻型汽车污染物排放限值及测量方法(中国Ⅲ、Ⅳ阶段)》(GB 18352.3-2005)的测试规范,在一辆轻型汽油车上使用空气加热器进行发动机进气预热,并测定了车辆低温冷启动时的HC、CO排放量.结果表明,发动机启动后24 s左右,HC的瞬态排放量达到最大值,HC的排放主要集中在启动后的前150 s左右;发动机启动...     

模拟轻质油和汽油的氧化脱硫技术研究进展

氧化脱硫技术是一种将有机硫化物转化成极性较强的物质,再通过萃取或吸附等将其分离除去的方法。以过氧化氢-有机酸氧化体系、过氧化氢-杂多酸氧化体系、过氧化氢-分子筛氧化体系、过氧化氢-光催化氧化体系、过氧化氢-相转移剂催化氧化体系、油溶性氧化体系、超声波、等离子体、臭氧等为例,对模拟轻质油和汽油氧化脱硫技术的研究进展进行了综述。     

European regulations to reduce lead emissions from automobiles – did they have an economic impact on the German gasoline and automobile markets?

Environmental protection policies in the automobile market were not implemented until the motorisation of the masses in the 1960s caused an increasing environmental burden. The rising air pollution was considered a latent danger to humans, animals and plants. In the years up to 1985 the EU passed several regulations to limit the mass pollutants CO, CxHy and NOx. Germany was the first EU-member nation to also be concerned with lead in gasoline, passing reduction regulations as early as 1971. In 1986, several EU-member nations implemented the supply of unleaded gasoline. This decision was predominantly based on information about widespread forest damage. The reduction of lead emissions due to these regulations could be verified in different environmental systems. An example of this was the decline of atmospheric lead concentrations and human blood lead levels in Germany. With regard to industries, the German mineral oil and automobile markets were affected mostly. The price trend of gasoline was no longer only influenced by varying crude oil prices but also by tax discrimination between leaded and unleaded fuel. With regard to the distribution system, the market positions particularly of the medium-sized traders and the independent importers were weakened. In the automobile market, favourable terms of competition were experienced by producers who had already gained experience with catalyst systems in the US market. The Gasoline Lead Content Regulations had no significant effects on further economic indicators, except for competition. Electronic Publication     

珠江三角洲大气中甲基叔丁基醚的污染特征研究

应用先进的大气采样罐、大气样品预浓缩技术和气相色谱/质谱联用仪器,采取长期观测和加强观测方法详细地研究了珠江三角洲大气环境中MTBE的污染浓度水平及其时空分布特征.结果表明,①目前该地区的工业区、交通区以及居住、商业和交通混合区等大气环境中普遍能够检测出MTBE污染物,长期观测的小时浓度均值变化范围从0～1.250 μg·m^-3,夏季污染较冬季更为严重,高浓度的MTBE污染物主要集中在城区,郊区显著受到上风向城市和周边城市污染源排放的影响.②夏季加强观测期间,广州市区的日均浓度为(1.520±0.370) μg·m^-3,约为其下风向郊区花都测点的7倍和清洁区从化监测点的100倍.城区呈现早晚2个污染物浓度峰值,夜间为平均浓度最低值时段,而郊区夜间反而出现高浓度峰值.③冬季加强观测期间,广州市城区的日均浓度为(0.950±0.240) μg·m^-3,为其下风向郊区新垦测点的3.6倍,出现多个峰谷,城区在18:00～22:00点均具有较高的污染物浓度,郊区则在次日的04:00～10:00点具有相对较高的污染物浓度.④在光照比较弱的时段市区交通干线附近的大气MTBE浓度随着距地面高度增加而降低,而在光照比较强的时段则随着距地面高度增加反而有所上升,反映出市区近地面大气MTBE污染物除了主要来自机动车尾气排放之外,还有明显的大气光化学反应生成的二次污染物来源.     

加强个体私营汽车加油站安全管理 消除事故隐患

指出了个体私营汽车加油站普遍存在着的安全事故隐患,同时也对加强个体私营加油站的安全管理,保障个体私营加油站的安全运营提出了若干建议.     

轻型汽油车VOCs排放特征和排放因子台架测试研究

为研究轻型汽油车尾气中VOCs的排放特征和排放因子,按照《轻型汽车污染物排放限值及测量方法》(中国Ⅲ、Ⅳ阶段)中要求,采用底盘测功机对国内现有不同品牌轻型汽车进行台架试验,并利用3级冷阱预浓缩GC-MS方法对尾气样品中VOCs物种进行定量分析.结果表明,尾气样品中共有68种VOCs被定量检出,其中芳香烃种类最多,占38.7%,烷烃占29.8%,烯烃(包含炔烃)占27.1%.不同品牌轻型车源排放谱特征基本吻合.轻型汽车的总VOCs排放因子为0.01~0.46g/km,前3位物种分别为乙烯、甲苯和苯.     

Tools for an enhanced solvent properties screening in the early stages of pharmaceutical process development

The objective of this research was the implementation of tools for the evaluation of solvents trough property screening in the early stages of process development. An important feature of the tools is that the implementation of indexes, scores, or weights is avoided. Information already available from the literature was stored in a database in order to turn raw data into decision making information. As a result, a solvent radar chart, a solvent representation table, and a solvent telescopying tool were developed in an ASP.NET application. The synthesis of Propranolol was used as study case in order to explore the selection of solvents in the early stages of process development. The replacement of diethyl ether was possible in the extraction step, while solvent choices were detected for potential telescoping for extraction and crystallisation steps. Solubility was found as a critical parameter in telescoping analysis. The methodology proposed enhanced the view towards a more holistic perspective and a more robust solvent screening process. As a consequence, the next steps into solvent evaluation and process development can be reduced.