Natural and Anthropogenic Effects On Phytoplankton Primary Productivity in Mangroves

Spatial and temporal variations and the factors influencing primary production have been studied in three different mangrove waters (Pichavaram, Ennore Creek and Adyar Estuary) of South India characterised by different anthropogenic impacts. the gross primary productivity in the unpolluted Pichavaram mangrove was 113 g Cm^-2yr^-1 exhibiting natural variability with the environmental forcing factors. Human activities have elevated primary productivity in the Ennore Creek mangrove (157g Cm^-2yr^-1) primarily through the direct discharge of fertilizer effluents. By contrast, a combination of domestic and industrial effluent discharges into the Adyar Estuary mangrove has considerably reduced phytoplankton primary productivity 83g Cm^-2yr^-1 the Redfield N: P ratio varies from 0.96 N: 1P at Ennore Creek, 1.75N: 1P at Adyar Estuary to 15.2 N: 1P at Pichavaram mangroves. This suggests that the Pichavaram mangroves represent a well equilibrated ecosystem with N: P ratio close to steady-state values in contrast to the anthropogenically altered mangrove ecosystems studied. Results show a significant temporal variability in nutrient concentration in the three mangrove areas. Distinct differences in nutrient concentrations between the dry and the wet seasons have been observed.     

ESTIMATION OF COASTAL WATER CONTAMINATION LONG-TERM TREND USING SEASONAL LINEAR MODELS1

ABSTRACT: Bivalves are used as bioindicators to assess trends of the chemical quality of coastal and marine environments due to their ability to concentrate chemicals. These shellfish are subject to seasonal physiological changes influencing the chemical concentration. Using quarterly data, we model concentration via linear regression with a biologically based seasonal component. This was applied to cadmium concentration measured in the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) at three sites in the Seine estuary (Normandy, France). In this case we have a high concentration season from January to June and a “low concentration” season from July to December. This season definition was checked a posteriori, using box-and-whisker plots and a statistical test of comparison of pair-wise adjusted least-squares mean differences, and it appears to be very reasonable. We averaged data by season and across sites. Our final model (R²= 0.846 with N= 27 observations) includes highly significant terms: a season effect, which accounts for 45% of the total variability, a linear and a quadratic time term. Outliers were identified by high Studentized residual values and attributed to bias in the temporal sampling schemes. The methodology developed will further be used with other shellfish and/or other trace elements and organic chemicals.     

Criteria for equitable allocations: the heart of international water conflict

At the heart of most international water conflicts is the question of 'equitable' allocations, criteria for which are vague and often contradictory. However, application of an equitable water-sharing agreement along the volatile waterways of the globe is a prerequisite to hydropolitical stability. This article explores the question of equity measures for water-sharing agreements in the context of global hydropolitics and is divided into three parts. The Introduction provides a brief summary of the general principles of equitable allocations. The second part of the paper describes the practice of water resources allocations as exemplified in the Transboundary Freshwater Dispute Database - a computerized database of 149 treaties relating to international water resources compiled at Oregon State University; 49 of these treaties delineate specific water allocations. The third and fourth parts of the article contrast the principles and practice of water equity. It is noticeable how rarely the general principles are explicitly invoked, particularly the extreme principles of absolute sovereignty or absolute riverain integrity. Most treaties favor existing uses, and/or guarantees to downstream riparians. It is interesting that, while many international water negotiations begin with differing legal interpretations of rights, they often shift to a needs-based criteria for water allocations. Mostly, one is struck by the creativity of the negotiators in addressing specific language to each very specific local setting and concerns.     

不同微生物菌肥对滨海盐渍土土壤质量及玉米产量的影响

微生物菌肥改良盐渍土具有高效环保的特点,施用功能性微生物菌肥对滨海地区盐渍障碍绿色消减和土壤质量提升有重要意义. 试验基于河北省滨海地区中度盐渍土,以玉米为指示作物,在常规化肥施用基础上设置施加推荐用量的不同微生物菌肥T1（常规化肥750 kg·hm^-2+复合菌剂75 kg·hm^-2）、T2（常规化肥750 kg·hm^-2+巨大芽孢杆菌300 kg·hm^-2）、T3（常规化肥750 kg·hm^-2+胶冻芽孢杆菌300 kg·hm^-2）、T4（常规化肥750 kg·hm^-2+有机硅肥600 kg·hm^-2）、T5（常规化肥750 kg·hm^-2+生物有机肥600 kg·hm^-2）、T6（常规化肥750 kg·hm^-2+活性微藻15 kg·hm^-2）和仅施化肥750 kg·hm^-2（CK）7个处理,研究玉米两个关键时期（大喇叭口期和成熟期）不同微生物菌肥对土壤养分、盐分、细菌群落和玉米产量与经济效益的影响. 结果表明,相较CK,T1显著提高了全生育期土壤全氮（TN）和有效磷（AP）含量;成熟期土壤有机质（OM）含量较大喇叭口期平均增加10.35%,但各处理间无显著性差异;相较于CK,T5和T6显著降低了全生育期土壤全盐量和Ca²⁺含量,平均降低14.51%~18.48%和24.25%~25.51%. T1显著提高全生育期细菌多样性指数,较CK提高了45.16%;土壤优势菌门为放线菌门、变形菌门、酸杆菌门和绿弯菌门,优势菌属为芽孢杆菌属和Geminicoccaceae. 研究区细菌群落最丰富的功能是化能异养和需氧化能异养,平均相对丰度为28.89%和27.11%,T3和T6显著提高土壤氮循环功能. 冗余分析（RDA）结果表明,Na⁺、SO₄^2-、pH和EC是驱动细菌群落结构的重要因素,相关性热图显示Na⁺、SO₄^2-、pH和EC主要与浮霉菌门呈显著正相关,土壤OM和TN与蓝细菌显著正相关. 相较CK,T6在生育期内增加了蓝细菌的相对丰度,优化了细菌群落结构. 使用推荐用量的菌肥T1和T6分别提高了7.31%~24.83%的玉米产量和9.05%~23.23%的经济效益;土壤化学性质与产量相关性分析结果初步揭示了EC、AP、HCO₃^-和Mg²⁺是限制滨海地区土壤生产力的障碍因子. 综上,推荐用量下使用复合菌剂（T1）和活性微藻（T6）可显著提升土壤养分、降低盐分和改善土壤细菌群落结构多样性,既保证了玉米增产增效,又实现了微生物菌肥高效利用和土壤质量提升.     

广西大厂多金属矿区河流中Sb和As的迁移及环境影响

以广西大厂多金属矿山为例,对其矿山尾矿堆及地表河流进行采样,研究矿山开采中释放的毒害元素Sb和As对河流水环境的影响. 结果表明,矿渣堆中的w(Sb)和w(As)分别为175～7 119和309～24 233 mg/kg;选厂排水中ρ(Sb)和ρ(As)最高值分别为5 475和179 μg/L;受矿山影响的河流中的ρ(Sb)和ρ(As)平均值在枯水期为630和100 μg/L,在丰水期为497和65 μg/L. 该矿山的开采致使选厂排水和矿山尾渣均对矿区河流中重金属含量做出显著贡献,已对周边河流产生严重影响,造成了刁江上游河水的污染. Sb与As虽然化学性质相似,但二者在河水中的迁移特性仍有明显的差别,As在河水中的衰减强于Sb. 河水中Sb和As的影响范围都很大,模拟计算表明,Sb和As的影响范围分别离矿山区约120和60 km.      

1954—2000年渤海湾典型海岸带(天津段)景观空间格局动态变化分析

基于GIS技术和景观生态学方法,以渤海湾典型海岸带(天津段)为研究区,分析了该区域1954,1970,1981,1990和2000年的土地利用和覆盖变化特征,并在空间上反映出各时期的重点退化区域. 结果表明:1954—2000年研究区内高功能景观面积减少51.98%,主要是草地、沼泽和滩涂退化成农田、盐田、港口和养殖塘等经济价值较高的类型,其中以1954—1970年为高功能景观退化的最快时期,平均每年退化3 684.50 hm2,以沼泽和草地退化最为明显. 人口增长、滩涂利用和围海造地以及近岸环境污染是其重要的驱动力.      

滨海芦苇湿地土壤微生物数量对长期模拟增温的响应

采用开顶式生长室(Open-top chamber,OTC)连续8 a(2008~2015年)长期模拟温度升高,研究滨海芦苇湿地不同土壤深度,及两种代表植物芦苇(Phragmites australis)和白茅(Imperata cylindrical)根际、非根际土壤可培养微生物数量变化对长期增温的响应。结果表明:(1)相对于对照,长期增温导致土壤可培养微生物的数量显著增加。其中,增温对土壤表层细菌、真菌的数量影响显著,细菌在第一层的增幅最大,增加率为34.16%,真菌在第三层的增幅最大,增加了64.42%。增温对20~40 cm土层放线菌影响显著,其中在第二层达到最大增加率59.47%;(2)长期增温对芦苇根际土壤微生物的根际效应变化的影响不大,表现为各土层芦苇根际效应增温对照,而白茅根际真菌和放线菌分别在第二层和第三层有显著差异;(3)不同的植物类型,其根际可培养微生物数量及根际效应对长期增温的响应不一致,表现为芦苇和白茅根际土壤可培养微生物数量及根际效应的增加幅度不同,这可能与植物不同类型,根际分泌物种类、数量的差异有关。     

粤东沿海地区的区域发展

在分析粤东沿海地区的概况、区域发展的优劣势条件基础上,结合粤东沿海地区的发展机遇,提出了区域发展的构思:扩大区域开放与协调、进行产业调整和升级、优化城镇体系和空间格局及人口发展对策.     

Sedimentary organic matter and bacterial community in microtidal mixed beaches of the Ligurian Sea (NW Mediterranean)

The quantity and quality of organic matter, and bacterial density and frequency of dividing cells were investigated in six microtidal mixed beaches of the Ligurian Sea (NW Mediterranean) to evaluate their main trophodynamic features. Concentrations of biopolymeric carbon (average 88.5?±?89.0 µgC/g) and the protein:carbohydrate ratio (on average lower than 1) were very low and classified these beaches as highly oligotrophic. The study of biochemical composition highlighted the nature of organic matter as being mainly refractory; furthermore, the quantitative differences observed along the across-beach gradient together with the unchanged pattern in qualitative features suggest that the organic matter in Ligurian beaches is prevalently of marine origin. This implies a negligible contribution of allochtonous and anthropogenic terrestrial input or in situ autochthonous production. Bacterial density displayed values ranging from 0.1–9.0 cell?×?10⁸/g DW in the top 2?cm layer and showed a significant correlation with the quantity of organic matter. In addition, the frequency of dividing cells showed a positive correlation with the protein:carbohydrate ratio, suggesting that the biochemical composition of organic matter also has an influence on the active bacterial fraction. Because of the exposed nature, a strong coupling was found between the beach and the marine systems, and this seems to be of fundamental importance in terms of material and energy supply for the beach ecosystem. A shortage within this linkage was observed in summer owing to the strong environmental constrains leading to a sort of “beach desertification” and to a marked oligotrophy. Summer also has an effect of smoothing for spatial variability occurring within the biochemical and microbiological variables among the different beaches. The linkage observed between the sea and the land is the main factor controlling the origin and nature of sediment organic matter in these beaches also regulating bacterial abundances and the frequency of dividing cells.     

意大利东北部滨海湿地演变及其影响因素监测分析

意大利东北部海岸分布着独特的滨海湿地景观,在地中海区域具有极其重要的生态价值.该研究主要利用遥感影像监测1984—2016年滨海湿地演变,覆盖该区域所有的国际重要湿地保护区,并在此基础上定量分析滨海湿地演变的影响因素,深化对滨海湿地演变规律的认识,为今后制定与实施滨海湿地保护政策提供科学依据.研究结果显示,(1)滨海湿...