黄土窑洞构造防水技术的工程试验研究

介绍了利用土壤水动力学中止水势在层状土中的阻水原理，以防止黄土窑洞在50a一遇的降雨过程中，产生渗漏雨导致坍窑成灾的工程试验。讨论了双层或三层结构在3a的实验观测中防水减渗过程方面的有效性和适用性。     

Temperatures and Locations Used by Hibernating Bats,Including <Emphasis Type="Italic">Myotis sodalis</Emphasis> (Indiana Bat), in a Limestone Mine: Implications for Conservation and Management

Understanding temperatures used by hibernating bats will aid conservation and management efforts for many species. A limestone mine with 71 km of passages, used as a hibernaculum by approximately 30,000 bats, was visited four times during a 6-year period. The mine had been surveyed and mapped; therefore, bats could be precisely located and temperatures (T _s) of the entire hibernaculum ceiling accurately mapped. It was predicted that bats should hibernate between 5 and 10°C to (1) use temperatures that allow a near minimal metabolic rate, (2) maximize the duration of hibernation bouts, (3) avoid more frequent and prolonged arousal at higher temperatures, (4) avoid cold and freezing temperatures that require an increase in metabolism and a decrease in duration of hibernation bouts or that could cause death, and (5) balance benefits of a reduced metabolic rate and costs of metabolic depression. The distribution of each species was not random for location (P < 0.000) or T _s (P < 0.000). Myotis sodalis (Indiana bat) was most restricted in areas occupied, hibernating in thermally stable yet cold areas ( = 8.4 ± 1.7°C); 99% associated with cement block walls and sheltered alcoves, which perhaps dampened air movement and temperature fluctuations. Myotis lucifugus (little brown myotis) hibernated in colder, more variable areas ( = 7.2 ± 2.6°C). Myotis septentrionalis (northern myotis), Pipistrellus subflavus (eastern pipistrelle), and Eptesicus fuscus (big brown bat) typically hibernated in warm, thermally stable areas ( = 9.1 ± 0.2°C, = 9.6 ± 1.9°C, and = 9.5 ± 1.5°C, respectively). These data do not indicate that hibernacula for M. sodalis, an endangered species, should be manipulated to cool below 5°C.     

贵州盘县平关镇仙人洞测量及成因探讨

实地测量了贵州盘县平关镇仙人洞双层水平洞穴系统,绘制了洞穴三相图,洞穴Ⅰ和洞穴Ⅱ长度为123m和85m。依据测量结果及区域地貌对该洞穴系统的成因及演化过程进行了综合分析,认为在岩层裂隙和节理不发育的情况下,岩溶水相对孤立,不存在统一的地下水面,岩层走向控制岩溶洞穴走向的发育。该水平洞穴系统不是早期小河的通道,其排泄区位于北部的沈家河,区域内早期未发生河流袭夺现象。依据洞穴通道特征认为该洞穴系统发育经历了深潜时期、渗流时期、干燥时期。     

狮子洞铀系测年与百色盆地第Ⅲ级阶地的年代

布兵盆地是广西百色盆地东南缘一小型附属盆地,狮子洞位于其南侧喀斯特峰林中,其内堆积由上部砂质粘土与下部砾石层构成,类似河流相二元结构。狮子洞与其周围分布广泛的河流第III阶地海拔高度相当,表明洞穴与阶地堆积时代的一致性。本文报道狮子洞内夹生于砂质粘土层次生碳酸盐岩样的铀系测年结果。位于砂质粘土与砾石层界面处的钙板,高精度质谱铀系年代为366±19ka。其左上1.4m贴附于洞壁突岩的石幔,质谱年代为517±42ka。鉴于具明确层位意义、纯净致密次生碳酸盐岩质谱铀系年代高度可信,并基于狮子洞堆积与布兵盆地第Ⅲ级阶地同时、附属盆地与主盆地同步发育的认识,这二个盆地第Ⅲ级阶地应在366～517ka间形成。本文结果对系统研究百色盆地地貌和旧石器文化演化具重要性。     

Management issues in a Tasmanian tourist cave: potential microclimatic impacts of cave modifications

Caves can be difficult to navigate and often require physical modification to allow easy access for visitors. Single entrance caves double the access impact of each visitor. Visitors in tourist caves have direct physical effects such as the introduction of concrete and steel structures; transport of mud, dust, and nutrients; installation of lights and the exhalation of water vapour and carbon dioxide into the air. Indirect physical effects include alteration of the microclimate, both through physical modifications that change the ventilation regime and through the presence of visitors leading to changes in temperature, humidity and CO2 within the cave environment. Anthropomorphic changes to cave physical environments to aid access or to reduce backtracking can have adverse effects on the internal microclimate of cave systems with subsequent changes to the cave environment affecting the quality of decorations and cave art and the diversity of cave fauna. Although often stated that caves operate at or near a constant temperature, closer examination indicates that cave temperatures are neither static nor constant. The degree of variation depends largely on the structure and physical characteristics of the cave. Air temperature and humidity gradients between the inside and outside cave environment can result in air density differences, which create airflow, which will in turn affect the cave microclimate. As part of the development of a management framework for King Solomons Cave, Tasmania, a study of the microclimate was carried out on behalf of Tasmanian Parks and Wildlife Service. Analysis of the variables showed significant differences in air temperature within each site and between sites. These differences range from 4 degrees C variation at one site to 0 degrees C at another site. The data were used to model potential airflow between the cave and the external environment. Results indicate that part of the cave is dominated by airflow between the chimney and the cave entrance leading to microclimatic fluctuations, while stable climatic conditions occur at the end of the cave. Future management strategies that propose a passage from the chamber to the surface via the current end zone would create a potential for airflow induced microclimatic change, leading to a change in both the temperature and moisture regimes, necessitating the construction of an airtight double door system.     

大王洞地下河水化学分析及污染状况初探

本文主要通过对安徽大王洞各采样点水质的分析,揭示大王洞地下水化学组成,进而揭示地下河水的物质来源及污染状况。结果表明,地下河水中Ca2+、Mg2+、HCO3-主要来自碳酸盐岩的溶解,土壤和岩石的元素通过岩溶地球化学过程向水中迁移致使水中存在大量元素,Ca2+在阳离子中占主导地位,HCO3-在阴离子中占主导地位,K+、Na+、NO3-、SO42-、Cl-浓度较高,明显受到人为污染影响,Ca2+与HCO3-,EC与TDS、Ca2+、HCO3-,Na+与SO42-、Cl-表现出了较强的相关性。整个地下河水主要由洞外水、支流水、滴水汇聚而成,洞外水、支流水、滴水对地下河水的贡献量约为62%、23%、15%。     

Survival in an extreme habitat: the roles of behaviour and energy limitation

Extreme habitats challenge animals with highly adverse conditions, like extreme temperatures or toxic substances. In this paper, we report of a fish (Poecilia mexicana) inhabiting a limestone cave in Mexico. Several springs inside the cave are rich in toxic H₂S. We demonstrate that a behavioural adaptation, aquatic surface respiration (ASR), allows for the survival of P. mexicana in this extreme, sulphidic habitat. Without the possibility to perform ASR, the survival rate of P. mexicana was low even at comparatively low H₂S concentrations. Furthermore, we show that food limitation affects the survival of P. mexicana pointing to energetically costly physiological adaptations to detoxify H₂S.     

雪玉洞表土有机氯农药的分布及来源研究

为研究有机氯农药(OCPs)在重庆丰都雪玉洞表土中的水平分布趋势、组成特征和来源,采用气相色谱-微池电子捕获检测器(GC-μECD)分析了10个代表性表层土样中18种OCPs.结果表明,研究区表层土壤中18种OCPs除o,p'-DDD、ε-HCH、艾氏剂和狄氏剂外均有不同程度的检出,其中,HCH、DDT、七氯和甲氧滴滴涕的检出率高达100%,是主要的污染物.土壤中总有机氯农药的含量范围为1.24~750.56 ng·g^-1,平均值为79.57 ng·g^-1.DDTs和HCHs可能分别来自于工业DDTs和林丹的非法使用,并且近期可能有新的输入.通过相关分析得出,研究区10个采样点有机氯农药基本具有相同的来源,并且土壤有机碳是影响有机氯农药分布的重要因素.对比中国的土壤质量标准(GB15618-95)发现,研究区土壤中HCHs和DDTs的残留均处于较低水平.由于岩溶地区地表土层厚度分布不连续,且地下岩溶形态较为发育,有机氯农药可能通过裂隙或落水洞进入地下河系统,对洞穴滴水和地下河水造成潜在的污染风险.     

洞穴滴水-CaCO_3体系氧碳同位素组成的气候意义研究现状和问题

近年来,通过对洞穴滴水-CaCO3体系各项指标的长期监测,以了解现代碳酸钙沉积的形成机制成为了石笋古气候研究的重点。尤其是对滴水-CaCO3体系氧同位素组成(δ18 O)的研究取得了显著的进展。人们在对滴水和CaCO3的δ18 O与古温度关系的研究中,不断地修改普遍使用的关系式,甚至提出了适合自身研究区石笋δ18 O与温度的关系式。无疑这将增加利用石笋氧同位素组成重建本地区古温度的可信度。在对碳同位素组成(δ13 C)的研究中,学者们更加细致地研究了各种影响滴水δ13 C值的因素(如先期碳酸盐沉积PCP、通风条件等),为更好地利用石笋δ13 C重建古气候环境提供了科学支撑。由于洞穴监测条件的限制,至今大多数洞穴都未能建立起完善的自上而下的监测体系,所以对一些δ18 O、δ13 C变化的解译仍然存在多解性和不确定性,有待未来的研究继续加强。     

Sexual selection in darkness? Female mating preferences in surface- and cave-dwelling Atlantic mollies,<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Poecilia mexicana</Emphasis> (Poeciliidae,Teleostei)

In many species, females prefer large males as mating partners. Male size can easily be determined visually. We examined how such mate choice evolves when individuals are deprived of sensory information previously used to determine male quality. Using a cave-dwelling population of Atlantic mollies, Poecilia mexicana, as a model, we asked whether the female mating preference for large male body size still occurs in this cave fish, or whether it is lacking due to the absence of visual communication in the cave environment. In simultaneous choice tests we compared the time females spent with a large or a small male. In the river-dwelling and cave-dwelling fish, as well as the population originating from the cave entrance, we found a significant preference for large males in light. Hence, the ancestral mating preference of surface-dwelling mollies has been maintained during the evolution of the cave form. However, only the cave population exhibited a mating preference in darkness. Determination of male body size appears to have been taken over by a non-visual sensory system, probably the lateral line.Communicated by K. Lindström