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41.
42.
Fernandez L 《Journal of environmental management》2008,89(4):308-321
Maritime shipping has two vectors of spreading marine invasive species: ballast water inside the ship and biofouling on the hulls outside the ship. While some attention has focused on ballast water, virtually none is focused on biofouling. This paper offers a quantitative analysis of economic incentives for shippers and regulating ports to address both pollution vectors. The strategies to address the vectors are induced by incentive mechanisms involving liability, subsidies and taxes. Results show these offer ample incentives in order to truly foster abatement of both vectors. Data from North America's Pacific coast is included in the analysis. 相似文献
43.
Evolution of a Mediterranean Coastal Zone: Human Impacts on the Marine Environment of Cape Creus 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This study presents an integrated analysis of the evolution of the marine environment and the human uses in Cape Creus, a
Mediterranean coastal area where intense commercial fisheries and recreational uses have coexisted over the last fifty years.
The investigation synthesizes the documented impacts of human activities on the marine environment of Cap de Creus and integrates
them with new data. In particular, the evolution of vulnerable, exploited species is used to evaluate the fishing impacts.
The effects of area protection through the establishment of a marine reserve in the late 1990s and the potential climate change
impacts are also considered. The evolution of the human uses is marked by the increasing socioeconomic importance of recreational
activities (which affect species and habitats) in detriment to artisanal and red coral fisheries (which principally affect
at a species level). Overall, populations of sedentary, vulnerable exploited species, hard sessile benthic invertebrates,
and ecologically fragile habitats, such as seagrass meadows, the coralligenous and infralittoral algal assemblages have been
the most negatively impacted by anthropogenic activities. Albeit human uses currently constitute the largest negative impact
on the marine environment of Cap de Creus, climate change is emerging as a key factor that could have considerable implications
for the marine environment and tourism activities. The establishment of the marine reserve appears to have had little socioeconomic
impact, but there is some evidence that it had some positive biological effects on sedentary, littoral fishes. Results demonstrate
that the declaration of a marine reserve alone does not guarantee the sustainability of marine resources and habitats but
should be accompanied with an integrated coastal management plan. 相似文献
44.
Spatial distribution of nutrient and phytoplankton variables is often illustrated using categorical mapping for each variable.
However, the assessment of eutrophication cannot be derived from a single parameter since a synthesis of the environmental
variables related to eutrophication is required. These shortcomings are further complicated since it is difficult to discriminate
between distinct trophic states along natural environmental gradients. In the present work, a methodological procedure for
quantitative assessment of eutrophication at a spatial scale was examined in the Gulf of Saronicos, Greece, based on a thematic
map generated from the synthesis of four variables characterising eutrophication. The categorical map of each variable was
developed using the Kriging interpolation method and four trophic levels were indicated (eutrophic, upper-mesotrophic, lower-mesotrophic
and oligotrophic) based on nutrient and phytoplankton concentration scaling. Multi-criteria choice methods were applied to
generate a final categorical map showing the four trophic levels in the area. This synthesis of categorical maps for assessing
eutrophication at a spatial scale is proposed as a methodological procedure appropriate for coastal management studies. 相似文献
45.
渤海排污口邻近海域异养细菌的组成与分布 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
对渤海4个重点监测排污口(北塘、大蒲河、弥河和虞河)邻近海域异养细菌的组成和分布进行了调查研究。结果表明,分离到的各排污口邻近海域的细菌隶属于变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、放线菌门(Acti-nobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)4个细菌类群,其中变形菌门的细菌最丰富。各排污口的优势菌有所不同,北塘、弥河2个采样点的优势菌分别为Bacillus sp.、Pseudoalteromonas sp.,大蒲河采样点的优势菌为Vibrio sp.和Oceanospirillum sp.,虞河采样点的优势菌为 Shewanella sp.和 Bacillus sp.。多维尺度分析表明,北塘和虞河采样点的细菌种群特征较相近,细菌种群分布特征可能与排污口的海洋环境有一定的相关性。 相似文献
46.
Karline SoetaertMarilaure Gregoire 《Ecological modelling》2011,222(12):1929-1942
Oxygen (O2), nitrate (NO3), dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) or pCO2, and pH or total alkalinity (TA), are useful indices of marine chemical, physical and biological processes operating on varying time-scales. Although these properties are increasingly being monitored at high frequency, they have not been extensively used for studying ecosystem dynamics. We test whether we can estimate time-evolving biogeochemical rates (e.g. primary production, respiration, calcification and carbonate dissolution, and nitrification) from synthetic high frequency time-series of O2, NO3, DIC, pCO2, TA or pH. More specifically, a Kalman filter has been implemented in a very simplified biogeochemical model describing the dynamics of O2, NO3, DIC and TA and linking the concentration data to biogeochemical fluxes. Different sets of concentration data are assimilated and biogeochemical rates are estimated. The frequency of assimilation required to get acceptable results is investigated and is compared with the frequency of sampling in the field or in controlled experimental settings.Smoothing of the data to remove data noise before assimilation improves the estimation of the biogeochemical rates. The best estimated rates are obtained when assimilating O2, NO3 and TA although the assimilation of DIC instead of TA also gives satisfactory results. In case pH or pCO2 is assimilated rather than DIC or TA, the linearization of the (now nonlinear) observation equation introduces perturbations and the Kalman filter behaves suboptimal. We conclude that, given the resolution of data required, the tool has potential to estimate biogeochemical rates of the carbonate system under controlled settings. 相似文献
47.
Hosny Khordagui 《Environmental management》1991,15(4):455-459
This article describes and assesses the impact of oil spillage and oil well fires on Kuwait and its surroundings. The marine
ecology of the Arabian Gulf is shown to be relatively resistant to damage from oil spillage. The risks of the contamination
of thermal desalination plants by oil and oil products are assessed, and remedies are suggested. Air pollution from burning
oil wells is described and its consequences are predicted.
Editor’s note: Professor Hosny Khordagui worked as a research scientist at the Environmental and Earth Science Department of the Kuwait
Institute for Scientific Research. The Iraqi invasion of Kuwait on August 2, 1990, led to the permanent loss of most of his
data, research reports, and laboratory equipment, and Prof. Khordagui was constrained to live under the Iraqi occupation for
a few weeks. His article “A Conceptual Approach to the Selection of a Control Measure for Residual Chlorine Discharge in Kuwait
Bay” will appear in a forthcoming issue ofEnvironmental Management. 相似文献
48.
Milani Y. Chaloupka 《Environmental management》1985,9(5):393-398
Marine product collecting permits are useful management tools for providing information on usage patterns. Unfortunately, usage parameters based on permit issuance are invariably inaccurate because of permit noncompliance. Since noncompliance is a prosecutable offense, any attempt to estimate the rate of noncompliance by direct survey techniques is met with misleading and evasive responses. It has been shown elsewhere that randomized response designs reduce survey response bias to incriminating questions by ensuring respondent anonymity. With the use of the randomized response survey technique, estimates of permit noncompliance were determined for the Capricornia Section of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Noncompliance with the requirement to obtain the prescribed permit was found to be low whereas, once a permit was obtained, noncompliance with specific permit conditions was considered high. Reasons for the high rate of noncompliance with specific conditions are presented, and it is recommended that marine park managers should not unreservedly base management decisions on usage data derived simply from permit issuance. 相似文献
49.
The present study tested the separate and the interactive pollution effects of cadmium and mercury on the electrophoretically detected allelic isozyme frequencies of the enzyme phosphoglucose isomerase for two species of littoral marine gastropods —Littorina punctata andL. neritoides — and the enzyme amino peptidase forL. neritoides. Our results indicate differential survivorship of allelic isozyme genotypes specific for each type of pollutant and for their interaction, as well as trends common to all pollutants. Theoretically the results reflect the adaptive nature of at least some allozymic genotypes in these marine gastropods and seem inconsistent with the neutral theory of allozyme polymorphisms. Practically, the results reinforce earlier conclusions that changes in the frequency of allelic isozymes may be used as a genetic monitor of pollution. 相似文献
50.
Pollution in the marine protected area of North Sporades Islands was investigated in July 1997. Salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, dissolved inorganic nutrients, organic carbon, hydrocarbons as well as dissolved and particulate trace metals were determined at 15 offshore and coastal stations. Dissolved organic carbon and inorganic nutrient concentrations indicate the mesotrophic character of the investigated waters. The dissolved forms of nitrogen were slightly higher at coastal stations. Dissolved and particulate Cu, Zn and Ni, were higher in coastal stations, whereas concentrations of Pb were generally low and likely of atmospheric origin. Dissolved/Dispersed petroleum hydrocarbons (DDPH) were close to detection limits at all stations. Temperature and salinity vertical profiles, nutrient and trace metal concentrations revealed the presence of a slight influence of the Black Sea water coming from Dardanelles straits. 相似文献