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为提高污水稳定塘在冬季的处理效果,用水解池作为预处理措施,以降低有机负荷并改善污水的可生物降解性,因而提高了低温条件下的降解速率.通过对系统的热量平衡分析和技术经济分析,研究采用塑料大棚减慢稳定塘热量散失的措施.结合研究其它一些强化措施,提出了能适合北方地区冬季气候特点的稳定塘工艺流程. 相似文献
214.
华北平原的水土资源平衡研究 总被引:20,自引:2,他引:20
采用精确的水土资源平衡计算模型 ,辅以田间观测资料 ,分析计算了华北平原农业水资源量与作物需水量之间的平衡问题。结果显示 :在充分供水的条件下 ,本区农田 (884.8万hm2)需水量为744.36亿m3,相应的作物亏水量为309.37亿m3,有效灌溉面积 (653.2万hm2)上的亏水量为228.73亿m3;而1995年水利工程提供的农业总用水量已达261.78亿m3,但仍有116.16亿m3的亏水量 ;文中同时对评价区内农田的有效降水量、灌溉水的田间利用量、毛管上升水量等进行估算。指出 ,虽然冬小麦的平均水分满足率为82 % ,但关键期的水分满足率 (64 % )仍然制约粮食产量的增长 ,设想通过提高渠系利用系数和优化灌溉等措施 ,华北平原的农业可望达到水土资源平衡利用的状态 相似文献
215.
城市垃圾焚烧发电系统热平衡分析与优化方案 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
以城市垃圾焚烧过程的热工计算为基础,深入研究了热平衡分析与能量回收之间的关系。针对国内在垃圾焚烧发电领域存在的主要问题,提出了传统工艺的优化方案,并对我国城市垃圾焚烧发电的能量回收利用前景进行了预测分析。 相似文献
216.
城市绿化树木碳氧平衡效应研究 总被引:21,自引:0,他引:21
杨士弘 《城市环境与城市生态》1996,9(1):37-39
本文通过实测广州市内几种常见绿化树木的光合强度和呼吸强度以及叶面积指数,计算城市绿地吸收二氧化碳和释放氧气的能力。得出各种树木的叶片光合强度。由于各树木的叶面积指数不同,绿地的吸碳放氧能力也不同。据此,从人类呼吸的基本需要考虑,探讨了城市地定额指标问题。 相似文献
217.
Offspring should be selected to influence maternal effort to maximize their own fitness, whereas mothers are selected to limit
investment in present progeny. In mammals, this leads to a conflict over the amount of milk provided and the timing of weaning.
The intensity and time course of such conflict has so far mostly been investigated experimentally in altricial rodents. However,
it is expected that offspring options for conflict will depend on developmental state. We therefore investigated in the highly
precocial domestic guinea pig (Cavia aperea f. porcellus) who decides over nursing performance and weaning and how pup state influences these decisions. Specifically, we tested whether
a threshold mass of pups predicts weaning time. By exchanging older litters against neonates and vice versa, we produced a
situation in which females differed in lactational stage from the cross-fostered pups. Our results indicate that females decide
about the timing of weaning, as cross-fostered younger pups were weaned at a much younger age than controls and older pups
benefited from continuing lactation of foster mothers. Growth rates did not differ in the treatment groups, and different
weaning ages resulted in differing weaning mass refuting the hypothesis that weaning is based on a threshold mass of offspring.
This constitutes clear evidence that in a precocial rodent, the guinea pig, decisions about maternal care are primarily determined
by maternal state and little influenced by pup state despite the extreme precociality of offspring. We suggest that precocial
pups show little resistance to early weaning when food is abundant, as they reach sufficient nutritional independence by the
middle of lactation to enable independent survival. 相似文献
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Peter A Steinbach A Liedl R Ptak T Michaelis W Teutsch G 《Journal of contaminant hydrology》2004,71(1-4):127-154
In recent years, natural attenuation (NA) has evolved into a possible remediation alternative, especially in the case of BTEX spills. In order to be approved by the regulators, biodegradation needs to be demonstrated which requires efficient site investigation and monitoring tools. Three methods--the Integral Groundwater Investigation method, the compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) and a newly developed combination of both--were used in this work to quantify at field scale the biodegradation of o-xylene at a former gasworks site which is heavily contaminated with BTEX and PAHs. First, the Integral Groundwater Investigation method [Schwarz, R., Ptak, T., Holder, T., Teutsch, G., 1998. Groundwater risk assessment at contaminated sites: a new investigation approach. In: Herbert, M. and Kovar, K. (Editors), GQ'98 Groundwater Quality: Remediation and Protection. IAHS Publication 250, pp. 68-71; COH 4 (2000) 170] was applied, which allows the determination of mass flow rates of o-xylene by integral pumping tests. Concentration time series obtained during pumping at two wells were used to calculate inversely contaminant mass flow rates at the two control planes that are defined by the diameter of the maximum isochrone. A reactive transport model was used within a Monte Carlo approach to identify biodegradation as the dominant process for reduction in the contaminant mass flow rate between the two consecutive control planes. Secondly, compound-specific carbon isotope analyses of o-xylene were performed on the basis of point-scale samples from the same two wells. The Rayleigh equation was used to quantify the degree of biodegradation that occurred between the wells. Thirdly, a combination of the Integral Groundwater Investigation method and the compound-specific isotope analysis was developed and applied. It comprises isotope measurements during the integral pumping tests and the evaluation of delta13C time series by an inversion algorithm to obtain spatially integrated mean isotope values at the control planes. It was shown that the Rayleigh equation is applicable to spatially integrated mean isotope values in order to obtain the mean biodegradation between the consecutive control planes. All three approaches yielded consistently a 98-99% degradation of o-xylene. 相似文献