湖北省土地整治项目碳效应核算及其分析

论文通过构建土地整治项目碳效应分析框架,将土地整治碳效应分为短期碳效应及长期碳效应,其中短期碳效应分为工程施工碳效应及地类转换碳效应,长期碳效应分为农田生态系统固碳效应和农业耕作活动碳效应。以湖北省14个土地整治项目为例,采用碳排放系数法、生态系统类型法等进行整治项目碳效应核算,并计算土地整治项目实施后达到碳平衡所需的时间,对比分析处于不同地貌类型及工程类型区的土地整治项目碳效应及其构成的差异性。研究结果表明：工程施工是土地整治项目碳排放的主要来源,各项目碳排放总量为4 602.00~22 760.81 t,单位面积碳排放为5.18~19.62 t/hm²;地类转换既有碳汇效应,又有碳排放效应;土地整治后,各项目农田生态系统固碳能力增加了412.27~2 794.91 t/a;耕作活动碳排放也较整治前有所增加,增加强度从8.11 t/a至463.76 t/a不等。整治工作后各项目达到碳平衡的时间最少需要2.68 a,最多需要36.66 a。对比分析表明,地形地貌、工程类型虽不是土地整治各类碳效应产生的决定性因素,但却间接地在工程施工难易程度、排灌条件、耕地产能等多方面对土地整治项目区碳效应产生重大影响。     

Assessment of energy balance against the nutritional status of women carriers in the brickfields of West Bengal

The Indian brick industry is an unorganized sector in which large numbers of migrant women workers are employed. A survey was conducted on 62 women workers working in different brickfields of West Bengal to assess their physiological workload, nutritional profile, total energy expenditure and energy balance. Energy intake was calculated using physiological fuel values of carbohydrate, fat and protein. From the results it is seen that 13% of the sample population falls under severe (grade III) chronic energy deficiency. The average daily consumption of the workers was comparatively lower than their daily energy expenditure, considering the nature of the job which falls under heavy to extremely heavy categories. This negative energy balance is effectively observed in the nutritional anthropometry data. Thus, an immediate ergonomics intervention with better nutrition should be implemented to improve the health status of the workers so they can safely continue to work for a longer period.     

粉尘捕集效率与定风量阀应用研究

分析了造成除尘系统风量阻力不平衡的因素,提出在除尘支管上装设定风量阀来稳定各吸尘点风量,通过实验证明,在除尘管网支管上装设定风量调节阀,可以有效的消除系统阻力不平衡和管网压力波动造成的吸尘点风量偏差问题。     

缺水地区人类活动净氮输入与河流响应特征——以海河流域为例

人类活动净氮输入(NANI)是影响河流氮输出的重要因素,研究两者的响应关系对制定氮污染的削减策略具有重要意义.基于NANI核算模型,评估了海河流域人为氮输入强度,并采用实测数据估算了同期的河流氮输出,最终得到干旱缺水区河流氮输出对NANI的响应特征.结果表明,海河流域2008—2012年均NANI输入强度为13258 kg·km~(-2)·a~1,化肥施用、食品与饲料输入、大气沉降和农作物固氮分别占76%、17%、5%和2%;在空间分布上,黑龙港运东子流域的NANI负荷最高,达到24238 kg·km~(-2)·a~(-1),最小的是永定河子流域,为5320 kg·km~(-2)·a~(-1);海河流域主要河流的氮通量与子流域NANI输入呈现显著正相关关系(p0.05),NANI变化可解释67%的河流氮通量变化.然而,仅2%的NANI由河流输出,这一比例低于其他地区研究成果,表明缺水地区河流作为氮输出的功能被削弱,河流不是流域氮输出的主要途径.     

A multiscale hierarchical Markov transition matrix model for generating and analyzing thematic raster maps

A model is described for generating hierarchically scaled spatial pattern as represented in a thematic raster map. The model involves a series of Markov transition matrices, one for each level in the scaling hierarchy. In full generality, the model allows the transition matrices to be different at each level, potentially making available a large number of parameters for landscape characterization. The model is self-similar when the transition matrices are all equal. A method is presented for fitting the model to data that take the form of a single-resolution thematic raster map. Explicit analytic solutions are obtained for the fitted parameters. The fitting method is based on a relationship between the hierarchical transitions in the model and spatial transitions at varying distance scales in the data map, a categorical analogy of the geostatistical variogram.     

Application of chemometric analysis based on physicochemical and chromatographic data for the differentiation origin of plant protection products containing chlorpyrifos

The aim of this study was to investigate the similarities and dissimilarities between the pesticide samples in form of emulsifiable concentrates (EC) formulation containing chlorpyrifos as active ingredient coming from different sources (i.e., shops and wholesales) and also belonging to various series. The results obtained by the Headspace Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry method and also some selected physicochemical properties of examined pesticides including pH, density, stability, active ingredient and water content in pesticides tested were compared using two chemometric methods. Applicability of simple cluster analysis and also principal component analysis of obtained data in differentiation of examined plant protection products coming from different sources was confirmed. It would be advantageous in the routine control of originality and also in the detection of counterfeit pesticides, respectively, among commercially available pesticides containing chlorpyrifos as an active ingredient.     

施肥与地膜覆盖对土壤有机质平衡的影响

用田间长期定位试验法研究了施肥与地膜覆盖条件下玉米连作在壤质棕壤中有机质的矿化、积累和平衡。结果表明，土壤有机质矿化率在０．０１０７～０．０４３８／ａ之间，施肥与地膜覆盖有利于土壤有机质的积累与平衡，并加快有机质矿化；在本试验各施肥处理中土壤有机质均有所积累；在连年稳定施肥条件下，有机肥的施用会明显提高土壤有机质平衡值     

Evaluation of the impact on entomocoenosis of active agents allowed in organic olive farming against Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin, 1790)

Several attempts for evaluating environmental impact of active agents allowed in organic olive farming against Bactrocera oleae have been made, but very few studies were performed contemporaneously on more than one of them. Insects were chosen as indicators because they are known to react very quickly to environmental perturbations, mainly at the community level. In fact, the coenosis is the functional unit interacting with biotic and abiotic environmental parameters. Seven taxa, known for their sensitivity to habitat alterations, were sampled and grouped in functional groups: predators and parasitoids, phytophagouses and pollinators. The coenotic balance between these two functional groups was analyzed. The study was carried out in an organic olive orchard in the municipality of Terranova da Sibari, Cosenza, Southern Italy. The tested active agents (Azadirachtin, Rotenone, Copper Oxychloride) were sprayed twice (end of September and middle October). During the treatments the population dynamics of all the taxa were knocked-down. No one tested compound seems to be harmless to the entomocoenosis, particularly on phytophagouses and pollinators. In truly organic farming it is necessary to provide natural refuge areas to beneficial insects (i.e. pest antagonists) in which no active agents are sprayed and alternative preys could be found.     

Reframing Ecotage as Ecoterrorism: News and the Discourse of Fear

This study examines how certain Western institutional discourses reproduce particular human relationships with nature. The analysis focuses upon the institutional setting of the zoo, examining long-standing multi-voiced debates about zoos and exploring the contemporary zoo's conservation discourses and cultural, lexical, and spatial elements of gaze and power. The author contextualizes zoo discourses within Western ideological environmental dialectics, including those of Mastery–Harmony, Othering–Connection, and Exploitation–Idealism. The author relates these discussions to her empirical observations of how certain discursive themes are reproduced and complicated within a leading American zoo. In the tradition of critical research that advocates for social change, the essay concludes with analysis-driven discussion about possibilities for zoos to transform their core configurations to more progressively work as agents for systemic cultural and environmental change.     

GC × GC--A New Analytical Tool For Environmental Forensics

Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography, GC 2 GC, is a new analytical tool with a tremendous capability to separate and identify organic compounds in complex environmental samples. GC 2 GC uses two different chromatography columns coupled serially by a modulator to produce a volatility by polarity separation and distribute compound peaks across a two-dimensional retention time plane. The two-dimensional separation produces an order of magnitude more resolved peaks than traditional GC methods. The grouping or ordering of the peaks in the GC 2 GC chromatogram facilitates the identification of unknown compounds and the comparison of complex environmental samples. When a mass spectrometer detector is used, each resolved GC 2 GC peak yields a single-component, interference-free mass spectrum that leads to accurate matching with mass spectral libraries. GC 2 GC examination of marine sediment extracts identified a wide variety of chemical contaminants including polychlorinated biphenyls, p -nonylphenol isomers, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzotriazoles, and the alkane, cycloalkane, alkylbenzene, alkylnaphthalene, and biomarker fractions of petroleum. The two-dimensional GC 2 GC chromatogram image permits rapid screening of the sediment extracts for these and other unknown contaminants.