Mass fluxes and spatial trends of xenobiotics in the waters of the city of Halle, Germany

The behaviour and the effects of xenobiotics including pharmaceuticals and fragrances in the environment are widely unknown. In order to improve our knowledge, field investigations and modelling approaches for the entire area of the city of Halle/Saale, Germany, were performed. The distribution of the concentration values and mass fluxes are exemplified using indicators such as Bisphenol A, t-Nonylphenol, Carbamacepine, Galaxolide, Tonalide, Gadolinium and isotopes. Concentrations at a magnitude of ng/L to microg/L were found ubiquitously in the ground and surface waters. Using the concentration values, the impact of the city concerning the indicators was not always evident. Only the assessment of the mass fluxes shows significant urban impacts along the city passage. The calculation of the mass fluxes shows increasing values for all investigated xenobiotics during the city passage; only Bisphenol A stagnates. A balance model of water and indicator mass fluxes was built up for the entire city area.     

Proteomic analysis of chromate-induced modifications in Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata

In this work, we have analyzed the changes in the protein expression profile elicited by chromium (Cr) exposure in the freshwater green alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, a well known bio-indicator of water pollution. We tested two experimental conditions, namely 0.2 and 1 ppm of potassium dichromate; this concentration range includes the environmentally-relevant concentrations. Results show that neither concentration of potassium dichromate tested inhibited algal growth. However, the proteomic approach allowed the identification of relevant modifications in protein expression. In fact, among 800 protein spots detected by two-dimensional electrophoresis, 16 Cr-regulated proteins, including predicted and novel ones, were identified using tandem mass spectromic protein analysis.The results demonstrate a Cr-specific action in altering several photosynthetic proteins, such as ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO), RuBisCO activase, Light Harvesting Chla/b protein complex, and stress related Chla/b binding protein1. Although Cr toxicity with respect to photosynthesis has been already documented, here we have identified, for the first time, the target proteins of this toxicity. Cr also induced a modulation of some proteins involved in the metabolism of the amino acids glutamine, arginine and methionine. These data are supported by changes in cellular polyamine (PA) accumulation. Present findings provide new insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying Cr toxicity in P. subcapitata.     

Analytical solution of two-dimensional solute transport in an aquifer–aquitard system

This study deals with two-dimensional solute transport in an aquifer–aquitard system by maintaining rigorous mass conservation at the aquifer–aquitard interface. Advection, longitudinal dispersion, and transverse vertical dispersion are considered in the aquifer. Vertical advection and diffusion are considered in the aquitards. The first-type and the third-type boundary conditions are considered in the aquifer. This study differs from the commonly used averaged approximation (AA) method that treats the mass flux between the aquifer and aquitard as an averaged volumetric source/sink term in the governing equation of transport in the aquifer. Analytical solutions of concentrations in the aquitards and aquifer and mass transported between the aquifer and upper or lower aquitard are obtained in the Laplace domain, and are subsequently inverted numerically to yield results in the real time domain (the Zhan method). The breakthrough curves (BTCs) and distribution profiles in the aquifer obtained in this study are drastically different from those obtained using the AA method. Comparison of the numerical simulation using the model MT3DMS and the Zhan method indicates that the numerical result differs from that of the Zhan method for an asymmetric case when aquitard advections are at the same direction. The AA method overestimates the mass transported into the upper aquitard when an upward advection exists in the upper aquitard. The mass transported between the aquifer and the aquitard is sensitive to the aquitard Peclet number, but less sensitive to the aquitard diffusion coefficient.     

Exposure assessment of French women and their newborn to brominated flame retardants: determination of tri- to deca- polybromodiphenylethers (PBDE) in maternal adipose tissue, serum, breast milk and cord serum

In the frame of a French monitoring program, tri- to deca- polybromodiphenylethers (PBDE) have been measured in maternal and cord serum, adipose tissue, and breast milk samples, collected from 93 volunteer women during caesarean deliveries. The seven major tri- to heptaBDE (BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, and 183) were detected in adipose tissue and breast milk with cumulated median values of 2.59 and 2.51 ng g⁻¹ l w. Nine highly brominated octa- to decaBDE (BDE-196, 197, 201, 202, 203, 206, 207, 208 and 209) was performed in the same samples, with cumulated median values of 2.73 and 3.39 ng g⁻¹ l w in adipose tissue and breast milk, respectively. At this opposite, median levels of octa- to decaBDE in maternal and cord serum appeared significantly higher than the levels of tri- to heptaBDE in the same matrices, i.e. 8.85 and 12.34 versus 0.98 and 0.69 ng g⁻¹ l w, respectively.     

转型期的资源与环境管理：基于市场-政府-社会三角制衡的分析

在经济体制转型期,伴随着经济的持续快速增长,我国出现了前所末有的资源破坏和环境恶化现象,严重制约未来经济社会的可持续发展.由此,构建解决经济发展需求与资源环境供给矛盾的有效机制,成为政界及学术界共同关注的重点课题.从中国经济转型期存在的主要资源与环境问题分析入手,提出资源环境管理制度构建的理想框架,通过进一步评价我国在市场机制、政府干预、公众参与3个方面的经验及教训,分别提出未来改进的方向.研究结果表明;"市场--政府--社会"三足鼎立的制度结构是我国资源环境管理制度构建的理想日标,也是适应世界资源环境保护发展的潮流.最后提出协调政府和市场作用、构建市场运作平台、营造公众参与氛围等方面的政策建议.     

Fate of linear alkylbenzenes and benzothiazoles of anthropogenic origin and their potential as environmental molecular markers in the Pearl River Delta, South China

The mass emissions of linear alkylbenzenes (LABs), benzothiazole (BT), and 2-[4-morpholinyl]benzothiazole (24MoBT) from anthropogenic activities within one year were estimated according to the population and the number of automobiles in the Pearl River Delta (PRD), South China. Based on the estimation, the distribution of these compounds among various environmental media was simulated with a mass balance box model established in the present study. The results showed that 79% of LABs generated in the PRD was stored in sediment while only 1.3% of LABs was presumably transported to the adjacent South China Sea (SCS). On the contrary, 47% of BT and 77% of 24MoBT generated in the region were carried with riverine runoff to the coastal ocean. The results from the present study suggest that hydrophobic compounds tend to stay in the watershed of the PRD, whereas hydrophilic ones mainly outflow to the coastal ocean.     

A comparison of Alpine emissions to forest soil and spruce needle loads for persistent organic pollutants (POPs)

The project MONARPOP analysed the concentrations of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in two important sink compartments, needles of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) and forest soil from 40 remote Alpine forest sites in Austria, Germany, Italy, Slovenia and Switzerland.In the present study the load of PCDD/F, PCB, PBDE, PAH, HCB, HCH and DDT in the Alps calculated on the basis of measured data are compared with their estimated emissions in the Alpine region. It comes out that the masses of the studied pollutants stored in the forests are higher than the corresponding emissions in the Alpine area indicating that the Alps are a sink for POPs advected from surrounding areas. It is assumed that local emissions of PCDD/F and PAH deriving from biomass burning are probably underestimated and that the pool of these pollutants in the forests represents the accumulation over some decades.     

稳态法确定酸沉降临界负荷的基本理论探讨

明确了确定酸沉降界负荷理论的基本概念,通过建立生态系统在临界状态时淋溶液中碱度产生的静态质量平衡得到计算到沉降临界负荷的基本方程,由此方程又导出计算酸度,潜在酸度,硫和氮等临界负荷的数学表达式,并讨论了根据对选择对指示生物有机体不发生危害的临界化学值计算了淋溶临界碱度的方法,由此给稳态法建立了完整系统的理论体系。     

重庆主城区春季大气PM10及PM2.5中多环芳烃来源解析

于2012年春季采集了重庆主城区和缙云山共6个环境采样点的大气PM₁₀、PM_2.5样品,同步采集了燃煤尘、机动车尾气尘、施工机械尾气尘、船舶尾气尘、餐饮油烟尘、生物质燃烧尘及土壤尘等7类污染源,采集到有效受体样品139个、有效源样品233个,使用GC-MS分析样品中18种PAHs的质量浓度(ρ),分析了PM₁₀、PM_2.5上载带PAHs的污染特征,并分别运用比值法、主成分分析法及CMB(化学质量平衡)受体模型法对PM₁₀、PM_2.5中的PAHs进行来源解析,所得源解析结果较为一致. 结果表明:重庆主城区大气PM₁₀、PM_2.5中ρ(PAHs)较低,ρ(PAHs)分别为22.03~31.71、19.02~29.92 ng/m3,其中位于工业区新山村采样点的ρ(PAHs)最高. PM₁₀载带的PAHs有86%~99%集中在PM_2.5中,说明PAHs主要富集在PM_2.5中. 重庆主城区大气PM₁₀、PM_2.5载带的PAHs主要来自机动车尾气尘和燃煤尘的贡献,这2类源对PM₁₀的贡献率分别为25.89%、32.80%;而在PM_2.5中,机动车尾气尘的贡献率较高,可达62%左右.      

Carbon exchange by establishing biofuel crops in Central Illinois

Perennial grass biofuels may contribute to long-term carbon sequestration in soils, thereby providing a broad range of environmental benefits. To quantify those benefits, the carbon balance was investigated over three perennial grass biofuel crops - miscanthus (Miscanthus × giganteus), switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) and a mixture of native prairie plants - and a row crop control (maize-maize-soy) in Central Illinois, USA, during the establishment phase of the perennial grasses (2008-2011). The eddy covariance technique was used to calculate fluxes of carbon dioxide and energy balance components, such as latent and sensible heat fluxes. Whereas maize attained the highest maximal carbon uptake rates, the perennial grasses had significantly extended growing seasons, such that their total carbon uptake rivaled that of corn in the second growing season and greatly exceeded that of soy in the third growing season. To account for the removal of carbon through harvest, net ecosystem exchange of carbon (NEE) was combined with estimates of yields, resulting in the net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB). After 2.5 years, NECB for the maize/soybean plot was positive (a source of carbon), while the grasses were a sink of carbon. Continuous measurements over the next years are required in order to confirm whether miscanthus, switchgrass and prairie can sustain a long-term sink of carbon if managed for biofuels, i.e., if harvested annually.