中美能源权力的空间领域与均势区演化

随着美国"页岩气革命"取得重大突破,当前世界能源贸易版图和政治经济格局加速重塑,美国成为新的传统能源权力领导者,中国和平崛起下的能源安全问题愈发严峻。基于相互依赖理论和均势理论,构建了能源权力空间理论框架和能源权力静态模型,刻画出2003—2018年间中美能源权力的空间范围及均势区变化:(1)随着国际能源权力体系和能源贸易网络的发展演变,中国和美国的能源权力空间发生巨大变化。(2)中美煤权力和天然气权力空间基本形成较为稳定的区域组团,中国原油权力空间保持强劲的全球扩展趋势,而美国原油权力空间面临转型重构。(3)中美能源权力的空间均势区不断碎片化成点状镶嵌,相对集中于欧洲大部、非洲南部和东亚,形成资源禀赋型、资源消费型、地缘通道型、政经倾向分离型、"第三国"控制型等五种类型。(4)中国对五种类型国家的能源合作政策宜因地制宜,有所侧重。通过政治和经济双重利益吸引资源禀赋型国家,与资源市场型国家加强能源技术合作,确保地缘通道型国家安全畅通,对政经倾向分离型国家加强经济合作以影响外交政治,合理安排与"第三国"主导型国家的能源合作。结论可为中国应对全球能源转型和能源格局重塑的复杂性变局,加强对外...     

食物贸易视角下的全球食物供需平衡及其演化分析

用食物供给量与生产量分别表示食物的可及性与自给率,其差值可表示食物贸易量,以人均每天卡路里为单位进行的折算可以更好地反映膳食营养的变化。从食物贸易视角分析了28年来食物供需平衡状况,结果表明:(1)1986—2013年,全球食物贸易量增加1.5倍;食物总产量增加0.75倍,贸易量在总产量中的比例增加约8个百分点,相当于7.9×10⁸t食物进入国际市场,这成为改善膳食结构的重要因素。(2)28年来,食物可及性与自给率呈上升趋势,全球绝大部分人口已经达到最低2200 kal的营养标准。(3)食物可及性、自给率、贸易量均存在地域差异,非洲及南亚的部分国家是低值地区。(4)总体来看,全球人均每天热量与蛋白质供给量增加。低收入国家增速最快,中等收入国家增速次之,高收入国家增速最慢。但非洲、东南亚等地的一些欠发达国家仍未达到最低的营养标准,全球仍有一部分人处于营养不良状态。     

污染土壤直接热脱附燃烧器低氮优化设计及数值模拟

为解决直接热脱附设备二燃室燃烧器氮氧化物排放高的问题,利用热平衡计算方法建立其输入和输出能量平衡关系式,得到二燃室温度维持1 100 ℃时所需燃气量和助燃风量;同时,结合空气分级技术、燃料分级技术和部分预混燃烧技术对燃烧器进行优化设计,并对其燃烧情况进行了数值模拟计算。热平衡计算结果表明,维持二燃室燃烧温度1 100 ℃所需的燃气量和助燃风量分别为1 003和22 066 m³·h⁻¹。数值模拟结果表明,增加燃气预混喷口可显著强化燃气/空气混合,使燃烧更为迅速,可防止滞后的火焰冲刷壁面,也有助于分散火焰,避免局部高温。增加二级空气通道可降低空气的出口流速,防止出现脱火现象,且利于燃气径向扩散,避免火焰集中。以上2种方法均能有效降低氮氧化物排放量,且采用燃气部分预混后二燃室出口处一氧化碳浓度大幅降低。在同时采用燃气预混喷口和二级空气通道后,NO_x浓度稳定在45 mg·m⁻³左右,相比于现有燃烧器减少了85%。该研究结果可为直接热脱附设备二燃室燃烧器的低氮设计提供参考。     

Drain of the Yellow River at Shandong Section: Causes and Countermeasures

1Harmful impacts of the drain of the Yellow RiverAccording to existing hydrographic records,the drain of the Yellow River (hereinafter referred toas the Drain) has the following three features.(1 ) The annual starting date of the Drain has beenadvancing.(2 ) The drain season has been prolonging.(3) The drain section has been extendingtoward the upper reaches of the Yellow River.In 1 997,the Yellow River suffered a drain of 2 2 6days atthe locality of L ijin County,Shandong Province and o…     

太阳能光合生物连续制氢系统的能量平衡研究

介绍太阳能光合生物连续制氢系统的组成结构和基本工作原理,依据能量守恒定律提出光合生物连续制氢系统的能量平衡模型及其分析方法,指出该系统的能量有效利用率小于17.5%,进一步从太阳能辐射的光谱耦合技术、高表面积比的光合生物反应器结构、迅速搅拌技术、均匀分散光照技术、光合细菌和藻类生物混合培养技术和微生物浓度优化等方面探索了提高光合生物连续制氢系统能量利用率和节能减耗途径,为推进光合生物制氢技术应用的工业化进程提供科学参考.     

Mass,energy and material balances of SRF production process. Part 2: SRF produced from construction and demolition waste

In this work, the fraction of construction and demolition waste (C&D waste) complicated and economically not feasible to sort out for recycling purposes is used to produce solid recovered fuel (SRF) through mechanical treatment (MT). The paper presents the mass, energy and material balances of this SRF production process. All the process streams (input and output) produced in MT waste sorting plant to produce SRF from C&D waste are sampled and treated according to CEN standard methods for SRF. Proximate and ultimate analysis of these streams is performed and their composition is determined. Based on this analysis and composition of process streams their mass, energy and material balances are established for SRF production process. By mass balance means the overall mass flow of input waste material stream in the various output streams and material balances mean the mass flow of components of input waste material stream (such as paper and cardboard, wood, plastic (soft), plastic (hard), textile and rubber) in the various output streams of SRF production process. The results from mass balance of SRF production process showed that of the total input C&D waste material to MT waste sorting plant, 44% was recovered in the form of SRF, 5% as ferrous metal, 1% as non-ferrous metal, and 28% was sorted out as fine fraction, 18% as reject material and 4% as heavy fraction. The energy balance of this SRF production process showed that of the total input energy content of C&D waste material to MT waste sorting plant, 74% was recovered in the form of SRF, 16% belonged to the reject material and rest 10% belonged to the streams of fine fraction and heavy fraction. From the material balances of this process, mass fractions of plastic (soft), paper and cardboard, wood and plastic (hard) recovered in the SRF stream were 84%, 82%, 72% and 68% respectively of their input masses to MT plant. A high mass fraction of plastic (PVC) and rubber material was found in the reject material stream. Streams of heavy fraction and fine fraction mainly contained non-combustible material (such as stone/rock, sand particles and gypsum material).     

The evaluation of an analytical protocol for the determination of substances in waste for hazard classification

The classification of waste as hazardous could soon be assessed in Europe using largely the hazard properties of its constituents, according to the the Classification, Labelling and Packaging (CLP) regulation. Comprehensive knowledge of the component constituents of a given waste will therefore be necessary. An analytical protocol for determining waste composition is proposed, which includes using inductively coupled plasma (ICP) screening methods to identify major elements and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC–MS) screening techniques to measure organic compounds. The method includes a gross or indicator measure of ‘pools’ of higher molecular weight organic substances that are taken to be less bioactive and less hazardous, and of unresolved ‘mass’ during the chromatography of volatile and semi-volatile compounds. The concentration of some elements and specific compounds that are linked to specific hazard properties and are subject to specific regulation (examples include: heavy metals, chromium(VI), cyanides, organo-halogens, and PCBs) are determined by classical quantitative analysis. To check the consistency of the analysis, the sum of the concentrations (including unresolved ‘pools’) should give a mass balance between 90% and 110%. Thirty-two laboratory samples comprising different industrial wastes (liquids and solids) were tested by two routine service laboratories, to give circa 7000 parameter results. Despite discrepancies in some parameters, a satisfactory sum of estimated or measured concentrations (analytical balance) of 90% was reached for 20 samples (63% of the overall total) during this first test exercise, with identified reasons for most of the unsatisfactory results. Regular use of this protocol (which is now included in the French legislation) has enabled service laboratories to reach a 90% mass balance for nearly all the solid samples tested, and most of liquid samples (difficulties were caused in some samples from polymers in solution and vegetable oil). The protocol is submitted to French and European normalization bodies (AFNOR and CEN) and further improvements are awaited.     

TEDA城市污水中氯化物,全盐量污染源分析及其总量削减对策

运用总量平衡分析法,通过研究天津经济技术开发区区域污水水量平衡,对污水中氯化物,全盐量总量组成进行定量分析,从而提出了相应的氯化物、全盐量削减措施。     

Quantification of changes in zero valent iron morphology using X-ray computed tomography

Morphological changes within the porous architecture of laboratory scale zero valent iron （ZVI） permeable reactive barriers （PRBs）, after exposure to different groundwater conditions, have been quantified experimentally for different ZVI/sand ratios （10%, 50% and 100%, W/W） with the aim of inferring porosity changes in field barriers. Column studies were conducted to simulate interaction with different water chemistries, a synthetic groundwater, acidic drainage and deionised （DI） water as control. Morphological changes, in terms of pore size and distribution, were measured using X-ray computed tomography （CT）. CT image analysis revealed significant morphological changes in columns treated with different water chemistries. For example, 100% ZVI （W/W） columns had a higher frequency of small pores （0.6 mm） was observed in ZVI grains reacted with typical groundwater, resulting in a porosity of 27%, compared to 32% when exposed to DI water. In comparison, ZVI grains treated with the acidic drainage had higher porosity （44%） and larger average pore size （2.8 mm）. 10% ZVI PRB barrier material had the highest mean porosity （56%） after exposure to any water chemistry whilst 100% ZVI （W/W） columns always had the lowest （34%） with the 50% ZVI （W/W） in between （40%）. These results agree with previously published PRB field data and simultaneously conducted geochemical monitoring and mass balance calculation, indicating that both the geochemical and hydraulic environment of the PRB play an important role in determining barrier lifespan. This study suggests that X-ray CT image analysis is a powerful tool for studying the detailed inter pores between ZVI grains within PRBs.     

Numerical study of regional environmental carrying capacity for livestock and poultry farming based on planting-breeding balance

In consideration of the need to maintain planting-breeding balance, this article examines the capacity of the soil in Putian City, Fujian Province to absorb livestock and poultry excreta, and computes the environmental carrying capacity for livestock and poultry farming (ECCLPF) in each district of the city in terms of the fertility characteristics of the soil in the city, as well as its mix of crops cultivated and farming methods. On the basis of the computations, this work proceeds to classify the alarm grades of the city’s environmental carrying capacity for livestock and poultry framing, and assess the environmental impact of the livestock and poultry farming industry. The results of our study indicate that, the city’s ECCLPF ranges from 8.27 to 23.23 heads per ha when computed on the basis of nitrogen, and from 5.79 to 24.53 heads per ha when computed on the basis of phosphorus. A comparison between our research findings and the existing farming scale in Putian reveals that, in certain parts of the city, ECCLPF is overburdened to varying degrees. Specifically, Chengxiang District is severely overburdened, Hanjiang District and Meizhou Island have a level of overburdening between virtual overburdening and significant overburdening, Licheng District is virtually overburdened, and Xiuyu, Xianyou, and Bei’an Districts have not exceeded their environmental carrying capacity and therefore have varying levels of potential for growth.