不同气候带退耕还林对区域气温的影响差异分析

退耕还林改变陆表覆盖状况,导致碳收支和地表能量平衡变化,从而影响区域气温。论文通过定量估算耕地转为林地导致生态系统吸收大气CO₂和地表能量平衡的变化,分析21世纪初10 a中国不同气候区开展退耕还林对区域气候调节的影响差异。结果表明：1）仅考虑碳调节,各气候区退耕还林皆表现为241.6~470.2 Mg CO₂-eq hm^-2的碳蓄积过程,具有2.2~16.5 Mg CO₂-eq hm^-2的碳汇作用即致冷效应,特别是亚热带湿润区。2）仅考虑地表能量平衡,中温带干旱与半干旱区退耕还林引起的净辐射增加程度大于潜热通量的增加程度,因此地表对大气供热表现为增温效应;而亚热带湿润区退耕还林引起净辐射减少及潜热通量增加,青藏高原、中温带湿润区净辐射增加程度小于潜热通量的增加程度,因此地表对大气供热皆表现为致冷效应。3）同时考虑碳调节和地表能量收支,中国亚热带湿润区退耕还林的致冷效应是仅考虑碳调节致冷效应的1.25~1.45倍,而中温带干旱区退耕还林的致冷效应则为仅考虑碳调节效应的近一半。     

Mass spectrometric isotope dilution analysis for accurate determination of elements in environmental samples†

The application of mass spectrometric isotope dilution analysis in environmental analytical chemistry is described. Different ionization methods used in mass spectrometry for isotope dilution analysis and the advantage of isotope dilution analysis owing to its accuracy are discussed. The principle of the isotope dilution technique is explained using thallium analysis as an example. Possible methods of sample decomposition for organic and inorganic matrices and of element separation are given. Using lead, cadmium and thallium analyses as examples the application of mass spectrometric isotope dilution analysis for determination of toxic metals in environmental samples is shown. The determination of chloride and bromide traces in snow is given as an example of non‐metal analysis. The possibility of determining pure elements by the isotope dilution technique using a long‐lived radioactive isotope as a spike is discussed.     

Characterisation and classification of hoarfrost samples collected in Poland (2003–2005) by discriminant analysis

Discharges of nutrients, urea, dissolved organic matter and heavy metals by a sewage underwater pipeline are analysed in comparison to environmental conditions in a shallow coastal zone. Variable thermo-haline stratifications of the water column and currents in upper (2.62–34.97 cm s^?1) and deeper (0.83–10.91 cm s^?1) layers drive vertical diffusion and lateral transport of wastewaters. Loads of reactive phosphorus (0.13 tons d^?1) and ammonium (1.62 tons d^?1) by the pipeline are not negligible compared to the major river loads in the gulf. High concentrations of urea (≤11.51 μmol N dm^?3) were found in the area of wastewater release. Ammonium uptake (6.14–534 nmol N dm^?3 h^?1) strongly exceeded nitrate uptake (0.19–138 nmol N dm^?3 h^?1), indicating that discharges of ammonium by the pipeline are actively assimilated by plankton community even at low levels of light. Distribution of Zn (≤27.7 ppb), Cu (≤25.6 ppb), Cd (≤0.80 ppb) and Pb (≤13.5 ppb) in the water column and the measurement of their complex-forming capacity in seawater did not indicate a persistent perturbation of the pelagic environment due to heavy metals.     

木薯燃料乙醇的碳效应分析

出于能源安全的考虑及对温室气体减排的关注,世界各国近些年大力发展生物液体燃料,我国政府提倡以木薯等非粮作物为原料生产燃料乙醇。一直以来科学家们对生物液体燃料的碳效应争论激烈,争论的焦点在于原料种植对土壤碳库的影响及不同技术条件下副产品利用的评估。论文通过建立碳平衡分析模型,将原料种植对土壤碳库影响及副产品利用的替代效应纳入研究体系,评估了我国木薯燃料乙醇生产各个环节的碳排放,研究结果显示:木薯原料种植环节碳排放主要来自氮肥的使用及对土壤碳库的破坏;木薯燃料乙醇加工转化环节碳排放主要来自蒸馏和脱水过程能源消耗,改进加工转化技术对减少此环节碳排放至关重要;木薯燃料乙醇运输及储存过程碳排放较小。在现有生产技术条件下,生产单位质量(1 kg)木薯燃料乙醇平均碳排放为0.647 kg。以汽油的碳排放为参照,在目前技术水平条件下,我国木薯燃料乙醇碳排放呈现负效益;采用较为先进的双酶法中温喷射液化-大罐浓醪间歇发酵-多塔多耦合差压精馏和分子筛变压脱水技术,则其碳排放为汽油的90%;倘若能避免对土壤碳库的破坏,则这一比例下降到64%。因此,为了促进我国木薯燃料乙醇的发展,减少木薯燃料乙醇生产的碳排放,首先应该引导农民合理施肥,利用边际土地种植木薯,不转换林地、草地等土地类型的利用方式,减少对土壤碳库的破坏;此外,要开发高效节能的燃料乙醇转化技术并加强对副产品的二次利用。     

重庆市耕地占补平衡体系构建

耕地数量的减少和耕地质量的退化成为目前为保护18亿亩(1.2×10⁸ hm²)耕地红线所必须关注的焦点领域,为此,如何在保证耕地质量不退化的前提下,实现区域耕地总量的动态平衡,不仅是一项紧迫的政府工作,也是严肃的科学问题。论文基于现有研究成果,借助定额指标预测、相关分析和双因子调控模型等方法,结合ArcGIS的空间分析功能,从耕地现有质量和建设用地需求预测两方面体现占用耕地的保有格局,从土地开发整理潜力和占补耕地数量质量折算分析补充耕地的主要来源,进而建立重庆市耕地占补平衡体系。结果表明:到2020年重庆因建设占用将减少耕地58 856.56 hm²,土地开发整理现实新增耕地潜力达89 961.06 hm²,考虑到新增耕地的质量折算因素,新增耕地的现实潜力可达84 239.54 hm²,即是说,按照现有经济发展对建设用地的需求预测,重庆完全有能力实现耕地的占补平衡。耕地占补平衡体系的建立按照建设占用耕地与补充耕地在数量和质量上相当的要求,采用按等折算方式将其真正落到实处,对掌握重庆市实现占补平衡的最大理论潜力,具有较强的实用性和可操作性。     

基于水资源供需平衡机制的安徽省干旱时空分布

基于目前大多数干旱研究偏于气象、水文和农业干旱,不能较好地反映供求矛盾,论文根据水资源供需成因的旱情评价方法,对安徽省2001-2005年的旱情时空分布进行了综合分析。研究发现,在时间上,安徽省2001和2005两年同为中度干旱,但差别甚大,平水年份的2005年的旱情等级数(Drought Index,DI)(1.485 9)却远高于偏枯的2001年(DI 0.890 9);在空间上,平水年份的2005年总体为中度干旱,但各地市区域差异明显,经济发展水平较高、用水量大的城市干旱严重(如合肥、淮南、马鞍山、芜湖市等)。淮北(DI -0.146 1,无旱)与芜湖(DI 2.466 2,严重干旱)两市水资源自然量和人口数量都相当,但旱情迥异。研究发现,造成上述旱情差异的根本原因是由于社会经济发展水平的差异而引起的水资源供需量的巨大差别。研究认为,在现代的社会背景下,单独的气象干旱、农业干旱和水文干旱已不能全面反映旱情状况,而社会经济干旱对旱情的描述更为直观,采用水资源供需平衡机制对旱情的评价也更符合实际。     

GGH换热元件结垢堵塞原因分析及防治措施

京隆发电公司脱硫系统运行过程中经常发生GGH换热元件结垢和堵塞现象,分析了GGH结垢和堵塞的原因,主要包括除雾器除雾效率差;脱硫系统水平衡设计不合理;除雾器冲洗水系统故障、设计不当或冲洗不足;吸收塔补充石灰石浆液量过大;GGH换热元件波形板或GGH换热面高度设计不合理;吹灰系统设计不合理;氧化风量不足;吸收塔液位长时间保持在高液位、消泡剂添加不足;燃煤硫分的变化及吸收剂品质不好等。提出了防治措施,较好地解决了GGH换热元件结垢和堵塞的问题。     

Assessing the effect of long-term crop cultivation on distribution of Cd in the root zone

Trace elements such as cadmium (Cd) may be inadvertently added to cropland soils through application of fertilizers, irrigation water, and other amendments. These toxic trace elements pose a potentially threat to soil quality and, through the food chain transfer, to human health. A generalized soil trace element mass balance model that accounts for the interactive processes governing the reactions of trace elements in soils, and consequently removed with crop harvest and leaching out of the soil profile with irrigation water was developed in this research. The model conceptually approximates the mechanisms and kinetics of a real field cropland system. The model was used to evaluate the long-term cultivation on distribution of Cd in California croplands. Under typical California cropping practices, Cd added into the soils accumulated primarily in the plow layer while the Cd content below the plow layer was barely affected. After 100 years of continuous cultivation, the soil Cd content of the plow layer increases from the background level 0.22 mg kg⁻¹ to 0.40 mg kg⁻¹. The accumulation of Cd in the plow layer is in proportion to the external inputs and is affected by the soil and plant characteristics, and management practices. The model can be used to evaluate the environmental fates of other toxic element in soils with case specific parameters.     

北京市房山区农田表观磷平衡分析

农田土壤养分的积累使潜在农业非点源污染负荷增加,为对农田磷素优化管理、水环境质量改善及环境政策制定提供科学依据,通过OECD土壤表观磷素平衡模型,以2001、2003、2005和2007年北京市房山区农田的磷素平衡核算框架和数据库为基础,结合GIS技术对该区域磷素平衡强度进行了分析.结果表明,化肥是房山区农田养分中磷素投入最重要的来源,化肥平均磷投入量随着时间的增加而增大,从2001年的111.34 kg·hm~(-2)增加到2007年的407.42 kg·hm~(-2),局部地区已远超过华北地区和全国平均水平.房山地区农田磷素输入总量和土壤表观磷平衡总量在2001-2007年表现为先降低后增加,而磷的输出量一直呈下降趋势;平均磷素投入量和平衡强度以较大速率逐年递增.区域表观磷素平衡量具有明显的空间变异特征,2001-2007年房山地区农田磷素盈余趋势表现为南高北低,中部和南部的磷素平衡强度一直在持续增加,特别是东南部和西南部地区增加速度较快.磷素平衡的驱动力的变化是造成磷素平衡空间差异得直接原因,总体表现为种植业驱动型盈余>双驱动型盈余>养殖业驱动型盈余.