Modeling and interpreting bioavailability of organic contaminant mixtures in subsurface environments

Bioavailability often controls the fate of organic contaminants in surface and subsurface aquatic environments. Bioavailability can be limited by sorption, mass transfer, and intrinsic biodegradation potential and can be further altered by the presence of other compounds. This paper reviews current perspectives on the processes influencing subsurface contaminant bioavailability, how these processes are modeled, and how the relative role of the various processes can be assessed through bioavailability indices. Although these processes are increasingly well understood, the use of sophisticated models and indices often are precluded by an inability to estimate the many parameters that are associated with complex models. Nonetheless, the proper representation of sorption, mass transfer, biodegradation, and co-solute effects can be critical in predicting bio-attenuation. The influence of these processes on contaminant fate is illustrated with numerical simulations for the simultaneous degradation of toluene (growth substrate) and trichloroethylene (nongrowth cometabolite) in hypothetical, aerobic, solid-water systems. The results show how the relative impacts on contaminant fate of the model's various component processes depends upon system conditions, including co-solute concentrations. Slow biodegradation rates increase the inhibition effects of a cometabolite and suppress the rate enhancement effects of a growth substrate. Irrespective of co-solute effects, contaminant fate is less sensitive to biodegradation processes in systems with strong sorption and slow desorption rates. Bioavailability indices can be used to relate these findings and to help identify appropriate modeling simplifications. In general, however, there remains a need to redefine such indices in order that bioavailability concepts can be better incorporated into site characterization, remediation design, and regulatory oversight.     

北京地区农田生态系统磷养分平衡研究——以密云县和房山区为例

采用农田生态系统磷平衡计算方法,对北京地区密云县和房山区农田土壤磷养分平衡状况进行了研究。结果表明,2006年密云和房山的磷盈余总量分别为4084.11t和10851.19t,磷盈余强度分别为110.81kg/hm2和386.48kg/hm2。磷肥是密云和房山磷素投入的最主要来源,化肥磷的施用量是造成农田土壤磷平衡空间差异的直接因素,两者呈极显著相关关系。不同乡镇化肥投入差异较大,导致磷平衡总量和强度分布严重不平衡,房山县的磷平衡量由西北向东南递增。密云县磷盈余强度表现为西部少,东部多,房山区磷盈余强度较大的地区多在南部地区。通过对比研究,分析磷素养分损失态和盈余态负荷基本趋势,找到污染潜势产生原因,提出了促进农田磷素平衡与降低磷养分负荷相应调控对策和措施。     

Analysis of Soil and Water Balance on the Land Arrangement Function

The natural supply of land resources is limited, but the economic supply may change along with social and economic development, and its size is decided bye nature and social and economic body conditions. When the supplying ability of land resources threatens the development of society and the conflict between people and land becomes tense, it forced people to im- prove land utilization and to increase the effective supply of land resources. The paper made an overall consideration on the characteristics of the irrigated farming and the frail ecological environment in Fuhai County, Altay Area, Xinjiang Uigur Autonomous Region and explored land arrangement planning as well as water resource planning and environmental protection. The paper evaluated natural resources, land utilization and water resource of the case study areas and focused on the spatio-temporal balance between the utilization of water and land resources. In the end the paper a feasible plan was made out for the land arrangement project.     

RSI-MO反应器强化沼气原位深度脱硫研究

为实现剩余污泥厌氧消化沼气原位深度脱硫,采用向反应器中嵌入最佳剂量(20g/L)废铁屑并引入微氧条件,构建废铁屑-微氧(RSI-MO)工艺,探索微氧效应对厌氧消化稳定性、效率、脱硫的影响.试验分7阶段,P1阶段对照组,P2阶段加入RSI,P3～P7阶段逐步提高O2剂量.结果表明,MO激发硫氧化菌生物脱硫,促发RSI化学...     

大跨人行过街天桥利用MTMD减振控制的理论分析

大跨人行天桥的自振频率通常比较低,与人行走时的频率接近,因此行人通过天桥时容易产生竖向共振,影响天桥的正常使用。本文研究多重调谐质量阻尼(MTMD)系统对大跨人行过街天桥竖向振动的控制作用,首先建立起天桥-MTMD系统的分析模型,推导出系统的传递函数及动力放大系数的数学表达式,继而分析了TMD的数量、阻尼比和频带宽等参数对结构的动力放大系数的影响,为实际工程结构设计MTMD减振系统时提供参考。以沈阳某大跨人行天桥为例,进行MTMD优化设置后,能有效减小天桥的受迫振动和自由振动,从而将振动控制在人体的舒适度范围之内。     

疏水性石油烃降解菌的PCR测序及营养平衡研究

细胞表面疏水性是在研究细胞黏附物体表面领域最值得研究的细胞表面特性,研究表明其对疏水性有机物的去除率呈相关性。文章在对疏水性石油烃降解菌HDB-1生理生化特征、疏水能力及降解能力研究的基础上,继续对其16SrDNA序列进行分析,同时对其的营养平衡进行讨论。实验表明,PCR测序与细胞分类法得到的结果一致,菌株HDB-1属于假单胞菌属细菌(Pseudomonas),氮、磷则是影响HDB-1菌降解石油的限制因素。     

珠江三角洲大气细颗粒物的致癌风险及源解析

于2004年4、7、10月和2005年1月对广州、深圳大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)中17种多环芳烃(PAHs)的浓度进行了分析,以苯并[a]芘(BaP)为毒性参照物的致癌毒性当量浓度(BaPeq),通过线性剂量-反应模型计算了呼吸致癌风险水平,结合源排放谱和化学质量平衡受体模型(CMB),研究了对致癌风险的各排放源贡献.结果表明,PAHs的浓度为5.87~63.36ng/m3,平均浓度深圳为32.68 ng/m3,广州为28.15ng/m3,且呈冬高夏低的分布规律.BaP和BaPeq日均超标率达到2.78%和5.56%,相对于WHO的日均标准的超标率达到50.0%和61.1%.该地区呼吸致癌风险平均水平为1×10-6~1×10-5,高于日常活动所致风险,低于引起关注的最低风险值.共解析出3种OC及致癌风险的排放源,分别为燃煤排放、机动车排放、生物质燃烧,其中燃煤排放和生物质燃烧贡献最大,对OC及BaPeq的贡献呈现相似规律.     

耕地总量动态平衡的监测和预警研究

耕地总量动态平衡战略的终极目的是保障粮食安全,使得存量耕地的产出能力总量及其人均水平只能增加不能下降。由于耕地占补质量差异的存在,在监测耕地系统数量增减的同时,应警戒其质量升降超过临界值的时空范围和危险程度,才能全面反映耕地系统的状态。耕地质量的监测必须与各等级耕地面积的动态变化监测结合起来。耕地分等定级、耕地质量动态变化和耕地总量动态平衡监测体系的研究应有统一的指标体系和技术方案,才能解决耕地占补质量平衡中“占一补几”的操作难题。论文在耕地占补的定位监测和基于耕地基础地力指数的耕地地力等级划分基础上,对耕地总量动态平衡进行了预警分析。     

重庆地区硫平衡估算

本文根据实测重庆地区的SO_2和SO_4~(2-)的混合沉降速度,计算了硫干沉降通量。重庆硫干沉降密度大于湿沉降。区域内硫沉降密度为11.6g(s)m~(-2)·a(-1)。四面山硫沉降有70%来自重庆区域硫的传输。     

基于水量平衡的流域生态耗水量计算——以海河为例

论文提出一个基于水量平衡的流域生态耗水量的计算方法。以海河流域为例,利用流域多年年降雨、入海水量、引黄水量、地下水超采水量、工业用水量、农业用水量、生活用水量、工业废污水排放量和生活污水排放量等资料,得出1956～1998年流域生态耗水量的多年变化。计算结果显示,虽然流域在1956～1998年的43年间环境发生明显变化,然而流域生态耗水总量没有呈明显的上升或下降趋势。最后通过对比研究,给出了论文提出的算法与基于当地水资源的算法结果的物理解释。