Natural under-canopy regeneration and height-age structure of small-leaved linden (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Tilia cordata</Emphasis> Mill.) undergrowth in water-conservation forests around Pavlovskoe Reservoir,Ufa River

Natural regeneration and the height-age structure of small-leaved linden (Tilia cordata Mill.) under a forest canopy were studied with regard to specific features of forest typology on the Ufa Plateau. For the first time, the height-age structure of linden undergrowth was analyzed by an anatomical method, which allowed accurate determination of the actual plant age and linear increment. The results of this analysis made it possible to reveal three periods in the development of linden undergrowth with respect to the linear growth rate and abundance of plants. More successful regeneration of linden was observed in open elements of relief.     

空间站密封舱空气龄分布数值模拟及试验研究

介绍了空气龄理论,阐述了空气龄在空间站密封舱内空气品质评价方面的作用,对国内外在空间站密封舱内空气龄数值模拟、空气龄分布验证试验的研究进展进行了综述,并给出了对空间站密封舱进行空气龄数值模拟及试验研究的建议。     

Are yolk androgens and carotenoids in barn swallow eggs related to parental quality?

Recently, evidence is mounting that females can adaptively engineer the quality of their offspring via the deposition of yolk compounds, including carotenoids and androgens. In this study, we simultaneously consider how both carotenoids and androgens in egg yolk relate to parental quality in barn swallows (Hirundo rustica erythrogaster). First, we found no relationship between concentrations or amounts of yolk androgens and carotenoids. Yolk carotenoids decreased with laying order, whereas we found no relationship between yolk androgens and laying order. Second, we tested the Investment Hypothesis, which predicts that high-quality females or females paired to high quality mates, allocate differentially more of these yolk compounds to their offspring. For carotenoids, we mostly found evidence to counter predictions of the Investment hypothesis: (1) Carotenoid concentrations varied among females, (2) heavier eggs contained lower carotenoid concentrations, although heavier yolks contained greater amounts of carotenoids, (3) eggs of earlier-laying females had lower concentrations in their eggs, and (4) yolk carotenoids were not correlated with clutch size or male plumage ornamentation. For androgens, we found weak support for the Investment Hypothesis: (1) Yolk androgens varied among females, (2) heavier eggs and yolks contained greater amounts, although not concentrations of androgens, (3) females paired to more colorful males laid eggs with greater concentrations of androgens, and (4) no effects of laying date or morphological correlates of female quality on androgen concentrations in egg yolks. Overall, these findings suggest that each yolk compound may have different functions and therefore may be regulated by different mechanisms.     

Female-biased sex allocation of offspring by an <Emphasis Type="Italic">Apodemus</Emphasis> mouse in an unstable environment

We investigated the effects of population fluctuation on the offspring’s sex allocation by a weakly polygynous mouse, Apodemus argenteus, for 3 years. In acorn-poor seasons, heavier mothers invested more in sons, and lighter mothers invested more in daughters. In acorn-rich seasons, heavier mothers invested more in daughters, and lighter mothers invested more in sons. Maternal body condition and litter size affected the sex allocation. Furthermore, there was a maternal investment trade-off between a son’s birth mass and the number of daughters. Based upon the effect of population fluctuation on the lifetime reproductive success of each sex, we proposed the new “safe bet hypothesis”. This hypothesis predicts that frequent and unpredictable change in female distribution, which is often caused by abrupt fall in food condition, favors female-biased maternal investment to offspring by polygynous mammals and is applicable to many small mammals inhabiting in unstable environments.     

Long-lasting consequences of elevated yolk testosterone levels on female reproduction

Maternal yolk androgens in bird eggs represent an important pathway along which offspring phenotype is shaped. Most of the hormone-mediated maternal effects are highly important in the context of sibling competition. However, there is also increasing evidence for long-lasting effects far beyond the nestling period, and these effects may have important consequences on the reproductive success of the offspring. Here, we investigated the effects of experimentally elevated yolk testosterone concentrations on growth and reproduction in female canaries. Elevated yolk testosterone concentrations enhanced the post-natal growth rate, but not the asymptotic mass, and reduced the survival probability. The latter may be a consequence of the higher growth rate, which may have rendered females hatching from testosterone-treated eggs (T-females) more vulnerable to harsh environmental conditions. Adult T-females made a larger investment in their clutch by laying more but not heavier eggs than females hatching from control-treated eggs. Our results suggest that the observed long-lasting effect on clutch size relates to changes in the growth trajectory rather than being a direct consequence of testosterone, since studies manipulating early growth conditions obtained similar results. Clearly, further studies are now required in order to investigate the intriguing relationship between yolk testosterone, elevated growth rates, and clutch size.     

Lead,cadmium, copper,zinc, iron,and calcium in human hair as a function of gender,age, smoking,and hair dyeing

Hair samples were collected randomly from 110 subjects (55 male and 55 female) ranging in age from (<15–60) years. Each subject was asked to complete a personal questionnaire describing his/her sex, age, general health, smoking, use of hair dyes, occupational area, and living habits. Concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Fe, and Ca in human hair samples were evaluated using atomic absorption spectrometry. Results indicated that concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn in the hair of smokers were higher than those in the hair of non-smokers, whereas, Fe and Ca concentrations in hair of smokers were lower than those in hair of non-smokers. Moreover, the concentrations of these elements are higher in dyed hair compared with undyed hair.     

闽西北地区不同林龄常绿阔叶混交林物种多样性比较

基于野外样方数据,按照林龄与垂直分布层次,分别采用Margalef丰富度指数（Dm）、Pielou均匀度指数（J）与生态优势度指数（C）计算式,对闽西北地区主要优势种为米槠（Castanopsis carlesii）、栲树(Castanopsis fargesii)、甜槠（Cadtanopsis eyrei）、青冈（Quercus glauca）等壳斗科植物为主的天然常绿阔叶混交林群落的物种多样性进行了调查与对比分析。结果表明：（1）不同龄组常绿阔叶混交林乔木层的物种多样性存在显著差异（P<0.05）,以中龄林最为丰富,近熟林与成熟林次之,幼龄林最低,各龄组间的物种分布的均匀度与优势度差异不明显（P﹥0.05）,近熟林J值最大,幼龄林C值最大;（2）不同龄组常绿阔叶混交林灌木层间的Dm、J、C值差异显著（P<0.05）,以中龄林与成熟林内物种较为丰富,近熟林次之,幼龄林最低,物种分布以幼龄林内最为不均;（3）不同龄组常绿阔叶混交林草本层间的Dm、J、C差异显著（P<0.05）,物种多样性以成熟林内最为丰富,幼龄林次之,近熟林内最低,成熟林与幼龄林内草本层物种分布较均匀,中龄林与近熟林内则分布较集中,其物种优势度较高;（4）不同龄组常绿阔叶混交林乔、灌、草层间的物种多样性不同。在幼龄林中,Dm值大小顺序为：乔木层>草本层>灌木层,J值为草本层>乔木层>灌木层。中龄林、近熟林、成熟林的Dm值大小顺序均为：乔木层>灌木层>草本层,J值为灌木层>乔木层>草本层。研究结果可为了解闽西北地区不同龄组常绿阔叶混交林群落结构的物种组成与动态变化特征,探讨常绿阔叶混交林近自然经营及其残次林改造技术,制定其生物多样性的生态保护决策等提供理论依据。     

不同林龄木麻黄人工林生物多样性与土壤养分状况研究

木麻黄（Casuarina equisetifolia）是我国东南沿海海岸防护林骨干树种。本文对广东省茂名市木麻黄防护林开展了不同林龄的种群结构、植物多样性、以及土壤养分特征的研究。结果表明,滨海沙地木麻黄群落在生长过程中有明显的自疏现象,18年林个体数（975株·hm-2）不足3年林个体数一半（2350株·hm-2）,3年至6年龄木麻黄生长最快。调查林地内共有植物27种,其中灌木8种,草本植物18种。随林龄的增长,林下植物种数显著增加,多样性指数、均匀度指数逐步增加,优势度指数下降。林地土壤有机碳、全氮与速效氮供应水平极低;土壤磷供应相对较好,表层有效磷一般高于3.5mg·kg-1。土壤有效养分与植物多样性显著相关,显示养分是植物定居的主要限制因素。结果表明,木麻黄林结构简单,生物多样性低,土壤养分贫乏。     

藓类-兴安落叶松林木质物残体贮量及组成

以大兴安岭藓类-兴安落叶松林为研究对象,估算木质物残体(WD)的贮量及组成,分析WD随着龄组的动态变化趋势.WD 又可分为粗木质残体(CWD)和细木质残体(FWD),随着对 CWD 研究的不断深入,CWD 的直径划分标准有了改进,美国学者把直径大于10 cm的WD定为CWD,但我国大多学者的研究仍然沿用以往的直径大于2.5 cm的标准,致使研究结果与国际研究无法进行比较.鉴于此,采用新的 CWD划分标准,分析CWD的物种组成、径级结构、腐烂等级及树种组成等特征,揭示CWD密度、体积和生物量贮量及特征随着龄组的变化趋势.结果表明,(1)WD体积和生物量为2.09~151.03 m3·hm-2和1.57~55.11 t·hm-2.从组成上来看,中龄林以倒木和小枝为主(占73.00%),近熟林以枯立木和倒木为主(占96.04%),过熟林以枯立木为主(93.18%).从类型上来看,中龄林均为FWD,近熟林和过熟林中CWD生物量达75%以上.(2)龄组显著影响着藓类-兴安落叶松林WD和CWD的生物量和组成.随着龄组的增加,WD生物量和枯立木比例逐渐增加,倒木和大枝比例减小.CWD 生物量和体积随着龄组的增大而逐渐增加.(3)近熟林中 CWD密度、体积和生物量(217株·hm-2、40.51 m3·hm-2、20.61 t·hm-2)均小于过熟林(258株·hm-2、138.82 m3·hm-2、48.88 t·hm-2).(4)近熟林CWD体积和生物量均以Ⅱ-Ⅲ级腐烂为主(两者之和分别占90.81%和89.01%),过熟林以Ⅲ级腐烂为主(占36.15%和41.23%).(5)过熟林CWD密度、体积和生物量均以10~20 cm为主,且以枯立木居多.     

人口结构变化影响下的城镇建筑能耗研究

从人口的家庭结构、年龄结构、城乡结构变化的角度对城镇建筑能耗的变化进行了分析.根据测算,2010~2030年,中国20~39岁的人口从4.46亿下降到3.28亿,减少约1.18亿;2030年全国的平均家庭规模从3.10人下降到2.48人,全国家庭数量将突破5.5亿户;按照现有模式发展,2030年城市化率达到64.2%.人口结构变化的影响下,2020年的城镇建筑需求总面积为3.14′1010m2,人均住宅面积为37m2,建筑能耗达到1.72′109tce;2030年的建筑需求总面积为3.84′1010m2,人均住宅面积为42m2,能耗为2.13′109tce. 从需求角度看,未来建筑规模的增长速度将逐步放缓.如果不能及时调整发展战略,未来会出现较大规模的住宅空置和资源浪费.