ZCJ—961工业污水处理剂的应用

气体脱硫装置在停工处理过程中，通常采用传统的失蒸汽吹扫，后用热水冲洗的方法，但是效果总是不理想。为确保停工过程中，各设备冲洗干净，避免发生硫化氢中毒事故，防止出现硫化亚铁自燃等问题，在2000年2月洛阳石化总厂二套催化裂化装置第3周期停工过程中，试用ZCJ－961含硫、氨氮工业污水处理剂对气体脱硫装置进行化学清洗，取得了令人满意的效果。     

东南大陆早古生代古地理轮廓

由早中元古代中深变质岩系组成的华南加里东海盆基底及东海、南海古陆。元古代晚期,海盆在拉张环境下继续沉降,于震旦、寒武、奥陶纪期间,沉积了厚近两万米的地槽型火山-砂泥质建造,陆源碎屑主要来自东海、南海古陆,直到中生代晚期古陆才裂陷成海,始成今日的海陆分布格局。     

利用化学成分判定花岗岩期次的尝试

华南花岗岩类可以看成一个整体。随着时代的更替,其化学成分呈现有规律的递变。两个地质时代岩石平均成分的差异,是化学演化真实存在的重要证据。本文在此基础上,提取岩石化学分析数据的特征信息。将华南五个期次的花岗岩体作为标准样本,利用模糊滤波器,对湖北随州市北部地区的6个岩体及196个南岭地区的花岗岩体进行评判。其结果表明,利用岩石的化学分析结果,可以建立花岗岩体的年龄“时间表’。     

Maternal response to neonatal sibling conflict in the spotted hyena, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Crocuta crocuta</Emphasis>

Among spotted hyenas, Crocuta crocuta, neonatal aggression in twins is a well-known phenomenon and serves to establish intra-litter dominance soon after birth. As the stronger more aggressive cub presumably attains dominance over its twin, intra-litter dominance presents mothers with an ideal opportunity to assess individual cub fitness and, thereafter, to selectively favor one cub over the other. This study quantified maternal response to sibling conflict in 26 sets of twins born to 16 wild-living females to determine whether mothers of different social ranks exhibited favoritism towards sons or daughters, or in the case of same-sex twins, the dominant or subordinate cub. Maternal response to sibling conflict did not vary with litter sex composition, suggesting that mothers do not favor offspring of one sex over the other. All mothers intervened when their cubs fought and sometimes punished their cubs. Higher-ranking mothers more often punished both cubs, while lower-ranking mothers were more selective and punished the dominant cub. Where sibling aggression was most extreme, rather than favor the dominant sibling, mothers of all ranks made concessions to the subordinate cub that included procuring private nursing bouts for the subordinate and temporarily housing twins in separate dens, presumably to decrease sibling conflict. These findings represent a complex example of parent–offspring conflict and support both the insurance cub hypothesis and resource tracking hypothesis that mothers endeavor to keep all offspring alive for as long as possible in the event that the dominant sibling dies or that resources provide for the rearing of twins. This contribution is part of the special issue “Sibling competition and cooperation in mammals” (guest editors: Robyn Hudson and Fritz Trillmich).     

Sex-specific effects of yolk-androgens on growth of nestling American kestrels

Maternally derived androgen hormones concentrate in avian egg yolks as the yolks grow on the female’s ovary, possibly forming a basis for important maternal effects in birds. In the American kestrel (Falco sparverius), experimental elevation of yolk androgens in the first-laid egg of a clutch (a-egg) to the concentrations found naturally in a clutch’s later-laid eggs reduces the growth rate of a-egg nestlings compared to controls. These findings, together with discoveries from other species that the effects of yolk androgens on growth of female nestlings may differ from their effects on growth of male nestlings, raise the hypothesis that natural changes in yolk-androgen concentrations with laying order are ultimately due to a difference between the sexes in their yolk-androgen sensitivity and between early- and late-laid eggs in their sex ratio. By re-analyzing previously published data and adding to the analysis data from previously unanalyzed blood samples used for sex determination, we investigated possible sex-specific effects of yolk-androgens in the context of a potential sex-biased laying order in free-living American kestrels. We used a multi-level, mixed model with a Gompertz function to analyze growth of nestlings hatching from a-eggs that were control-treated or in which we experimentally elevated yolk-androgen concentrations shortly after laying to the higher concentrations naturally found in later-laid eggs. We discovered that male nestlings were more susceptible than female nestlings to growth inhibition by yolk-androgen elevation but did not find a bias in sex ratio with respect to laying order. Together, these findings do not support the above hypothesis. However, they are consistent with the hypothesis that sex differences in yolk-androgen sensitivity enable mothers to economically tune reproductive effort to an individual offspring’s reproductive value, which can vary more for one sex than the other.     

Population Biology of Gametophytes in Homosporous Polypodiophyta

Modern data on the diversity of morphology and morphogenesis of gametophytes in homosporous ferns, their vegetative reproduction, and the existence of their colonies growing separately, independently of sporophytes, are reviewed. The ontogenetic states of gametophytes are identified and characterized. The problem of gametophyte chemical interactions mediated by antheridiogen, an exohormone, is discussed. These intrapopulation interactions determine the polyvariant character of gametophyte ontogeny and the complex age and sex structure of their colonies.     

Bioaccumulation of cadmium,lead and zinc in liver and kidney of red fox (Vulpes vulpes) from NW Spain: influence of gender and age

Cd, Pb, and Zn were quantified in liver and kidney of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) which were hunted during the 2003–2011 hunting seasons in Galicia (NW Spain). The effects of age and gender were evaluated to determine whether these variables should be included in future biomonitoring studies. The concentrations of hepatic and renal Cd (average 0.6 and 1.3 µg/g) and Pb (0.8 and 0.06 µg/g, respectively) were similar to background levels, with no known toxicological relevance. Similarly, the average levels of Zn in liver and kidney (77 and 17 µg/g) were in the range of physiological levels for canids. Although no significant gender-dependent variations were observed, the effect of aging was evident: the levels of hepatic Pb and both hepatic and renal Cd were higher in adults than in juveniles. Age should be included as a parameter during future biomonitoring programs focusing on trace metal bioaccumulation in red foxes.     

CFCs地下水年龄示踪技术的原理、应用及展望

CFCs是一种合成的含氯离子和氟离子的有机化学品,主要组成包括CFC-11、CFC-12与CFC-113等。其自1930年以来开始被大量生产,年生产量达106t。由于其具有挥发性与良好的化学稳定性,通过量化地下水中CFCs的平衡分压,将该平衡分压与大气CFCs浓度变化标准曲线进行对比,即可确定目标区域地下水的年龄。自20世纪70年代中期美国首次尝试利用CFCs用于研究地下水年龄以来,国际上日益重视,广泛开展了其在确定地下水年龄、揭示浅层地下水和深层地下水之间的水力联系、确定地下水各种来源水的混合比例等地下水循环演化方面的研究,但目前中国等发展中国家对该技术的研究及应用还处于初步发展阶段。从CFCs的特性、生产及环境释放入手,阐述CFCs测试技术的关键环节——地下水的野外采样、CFCs的提取、测定及CFCs方法测定地下水年龄的原理与计算方法,并以全球视角对CFCs年龄示踪技术在国内外的应用进行综述。在比较分析目前测定地下水年龄测定的主要方法中,指出CFCs环境示踪技术相比SF6、3H/3He等其它环境示踪技术具有分析便捷、价格适中、精度较高的显著优点,特别是在已经做过历年大气CFCs浓度监测等相关研究的地区的应用。