Isometric Pull and Push Strengths of Paraplegics in the Workspace: 2. Statistical Analysis of Spatial Factors

The effect of reach levels, horizontal angles, and vertical angles on isometric pull and push strengths of male and female was determined. Highly significant increases in men’s push strength were found between extreme to maximum reaches, and from extreme to normal reaches. However, for women’s push strength, a significant increase was found only between extreme to maximum reach. Significant or highly significant increases were found in men’s and women’s pull strength between the horizontal angle (θ) sagittal through the active shoulder (90°) and other angles (0, 45, and 135°). However, for men’s push strength, highly significant increases were found between the horizontal angle 45° from the frontal plane, and other angles. For women’s push strength, significant or highly significant increases were found between the horizontal angles 0° and angles of 90 and 135°. For men’s and women’s pull strength, significant or highly significant increases were found between the vertical angle (?), 90°, and other angles (–20, 0, and 45°). Similar increases were found for women’s push strength between the 45° angle and other angles. In the design of a workstation for paraplegics that requires pull and push forces, consideration must be given to the spatial factors.     

Performance on a Work-Simulating Firefighter Test Versus Approved Laboratory Tests for Firefighters and Applicants

Aim. Firefighters must meet minimum physical demands. The Norwegian Labour Inspection Authority (NLIA) has approved a standardised treadmill walking test and 3 simple strength tests for smoke divers. The results of the Trondheim test were compared with those of the NLIA tests taking into account possible effects of age, experience level and gender. Methods. Four groups of participants took part in the tests: 19 young experienced firefighters, 24 senior male firefighters and inexperienced applicants, 12 male and 8 female. Results. Oxygen uptake (V_O2) at exhaustion rose linearly by the duration of the treadmill test. Time spent on the Trondheim test was closely related to performance time and peak V_O2 on the treadmill test. Senior experienced firefighters did not perform better than equally fit young applicants. However, female applicants performed poorer on the Trondheim test than on the treadmill test. Performance on the Trondheim test was not closely related to muscle strength beyond a minimum. Conclusion. Firefighters completing the Trondheim test in under 19 min fit the requirements of the NLIA treadmill test. The Trondheim test can be used as an alternative to the NLIA tests for testing aerobic fitness but not for muscular strength. Women’s result of the Trondheim test were poorer than the results of the NLIA treadmill test, probably because of their lower body mass.     

Mechanical performance and capillary water absorption of sewage sludge ash concrete (SSAC)

Disposal of sewage sludge from waste water treatment plants is a serious environmental problem of increasing magnitude. Waste water treatment generates as much as 70 g of dry solids per capita per day. Although one of the disposal solutions for this waste is through incineration, still almost 30% of sludge solids remain as ash. This paper presents results related to reuse of sewage sludge ash in concrete. The sludge was characterised for chemical composition (X-ray flourescence analysis), crystalline phases (X-ray diffraction analysis) and pozzolanic activity. The effects of incineration on crystal phases of the dry sludge were investigated. Two water/cement (W/C) ratios (0.55 and 0.45) and three sludge ash percentages (5%, 10% and 20%) per cement mass were used as filler. The mechanical performance of sewage sludge ash concrete (SSAC) at different curing ages (3, 7, 28 and 90 days) was assessed by means of mechanical tests and capillary water absorption. Results show that sewage sludge ash leads to a reduction in density and mechanical strength and to an increase in capillary water absorption. Results also show that SSAC with 20% of sewage sludge ash and W/C = 0.45 has a 28 day compressive strength of almost 30 MPa. SSAC with a sludge ash contents of 5% and 10% has the same capillary water absorption coefficient as the control concrete; as for the concrete mixtures with 20% sludge ash content, the capillary water absorption is higher but in line with C20/25 strength class concretes performance.     

汽车制动系统的匹配设计

通过对汽车制动系统的原理及结构性能的探讨,进一步掌握整车新产品开发设计中制动系统的匹配计算.     

基于断裂力学的船型网箱疲劳损伤评估研究

目的 结合断裂力学,通过直接计算方法进行海洋结构物疲劳损伤评估研究。方法 运用有限元方法,并通过谱分析进行结构强度评估,找到结构热点应力。对热点进行局部精细建模,运用断裂力学方法进行疲劳裂纹扩展,进行海洋结构物疲劳损伤评估。结果 通过水动力分析表明,船型网箱在波浪入射角为0°及180°时,运动幅值最大。通过直接强度计算,验证了网箱满足强度要求,但存在明显的应力集中现象。选取3个疲劳热点进行裂纹扩展,得到其疲劳寿命分别为11.3、17.3、33.1 a。结论 实现了基于断裂力学的海洋结构物强度分析与寿命预测,解决了海洋结构物疲劳损伤评估中计算效率与精度的平衡、整体模型与局部裂纹的耦合等问题。     

高应力条件下尾矿破碎特性及坝体稳定性研究*

高应力条件下尾矿破碎特性与坝体稳定性研究是高尾矿坝避免溃坝事故的重要参考。分析尾矿颗粒破碎过程中级配曲线的演化规律,提出采用BET测试颗粒比表面积以定量化表征颗粒破碎指标;在室内高应力三轴试验的基础上,阐述高应力条件下尾矿的力学行为,提出高应力条件下尾矿强度准则,并基于该准则对工程实例进行应用分析。结果表明:相比于常用破碎指标,从能量观点出发的BET法比表面积表征尾矿颗粒破碎更为合理;采用线性Mohr-Coulomb准则计算尾矿在低应力阶段的内摩擦角,采用幂函数Mohr强度准则计算尾矿在高应力阶段的内摩擦角;提出1套考虑高应力条件下尾矿强度折减的坝体稳定性分析方法,以供实际工程参考。     

Linking trophic positions and flow structure constraints in ecological networks: Energy transfer efficiency or topology effect?

In the present work we investigate whether the distribution of energy flows in ecosystems responds to criteria of trophic organization. We analyzed weighted and unweighted food webs estimating, for each node, trophic position (TP), Shannon's index of inflow diversity (H) and individual contribution to the whole average mutual information (AMI). Finally, we performed the same analysis on simulated webs that were constructed using the following criteria: (a) preserving topology and varying link strength; (b) modifying position of links and their intensities.     

高速铁路声屏障

提出我国高速铁路(铁路客运专线)声屏障主要结构形式和应有的性能。重点分析高速列车气动力的形成、影响因素、计算方法及其对声屏障的作用。提出了高速铁路声屏障的设计要点及其对声屏障的设计建造的建议。     

圆环巴西试验的抗拉强度建议公式

目的改进Hobbs公式得到的计算值普遍较大这一问题,提出圆环巴西试验的抗拉强度建议公式。方法对巴西试验圆环的应力解进行分析,并引用砂岩的试验数据验证。结果得到圆环巴西试验的抗拉强度建议公式,使用Hobbs公式得到的抗拉强度σTT比巴西圆盘试验σT大6倍以上,利用建议公式得到的抗拉强度σθ与巴西圆盘试验σT十分接近,误差不到1%。结论当圆环内外径比ρ在0.05到0.15的范围内时,该建议公式可很好地用来计算岩石类等脆性材料的抗拉强度。     

厌氧处理原理及其在低浓度有机废水处理中的应用现状

介绍了厌氧处理原理，并对厌氧处理低浓度废水的最新进展进行了较全面的综速，高效厌氧反应器及组合工艺为这一发展提供了可能。高效厌氧反应器中以膨胀颗粒污泥床（ECSB）反应器为首选。其结构及远行特性决定了它在处理低浓度虚水方面具有潜在的优势，但中国EC,SB的应用仅处于研究阶段，尚未有生产规模的EGSB；组合工艺对低浓度废水中污染物去除率极高，出水中COD、NH3-N、TP和SS浓度均可达到较高的排放标准，对生活污水、稀释后的工业有机废水等低浓度有机废水处理具有广阔的前景。