Soil-profile distribution of carbon and associated properties in no-till along a precipitation gradient in the central Great Plains

No-till (NT) farming is considered as a potential strategy for sequestering C in the soil. Data on soil-profile distribution of C and related soil properties are, however, limited, particularly for semiarid regions. We assessed soil C pool and soil structural properties such as aggregate stability and strength to 1 m soil depth across three long-term (≥21 year) NT and conventional till (CT) experiments along a precipitation gradient in the central Great Plains of the USA. Tillage systems were in continuous winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) on a loam at Hutchinson and winter wheat-sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]-fallow on silt loams at Hays and Tribune, Kansas. Mean annual precipitation was 889 mm for Hutchinson, 580 mm for Hays, and 440 mm for Tribune. Changes in profile distribution of soil properties were affected by differences in precipitations input among the three sites. At Hutchinson, NT had 1.8 times greater SOC pool than CT in the 0-2.5-cm depth, but CT had 1.5 times greater SOC pool in the 5-20-cm. At Hays, NT had 1.4 times greater SOC pool than CT in the 0-2.5-cm depth. Differences in summed SOC pool for the whole soil profile (0-1 m depth) between NT and CT were not significant at any site. The summed SOC pool with depth between NT and CT were only significant above the 5 cm depth at Hutchinson and 2.5 cm depth at Hays. At Hutchinson, NT stored 3.4 Mg ha⁻¹ more SOC than CT above 5 cm depth. At Hays, NT stored 1.35 Mg ha⁻¹ more SOC than CT above 2.5 cm depth. Moreover, NT management increased mean weight diameter of aggregates (MWDA) by 3 to 4 times for the 0-5-cm depth at Hutchinson and by 1.8 times for the 0-2.5-cm depth at Hays. It also reduced air-dry aggregate tensile strength (TS) for the 0-5-cm depth at Hutchinson and Hays and for the 0-2.5-cm depth at Tribune. The TS (r = −0.73) and MWDA (r = 0.81) near the soil surface were more strongly correlated with SOC concentration at Hutchinson than at Hays and Tribune attributed to differences in precipitation input. Results suggested NT impacts on increasing SOC pool and improving soil structural properties decreased with a decrease in precipitation input. Changes in soil properties were larger at Hutchinson (880 mm of precipitation) than at Hays and Tribune (≤580 mm). While NT management did not increase SOC pool over CT for the whole soil profile, the greater near-surface accumulation of SOC in NT than in CT was critical to the improvement in soil structural properties. Overall, differences in precipitation input among soils appeared to be the dominant factor influencing NT impacts on soil-profile distribution of SOC and soil structural properties in this region.     

五种土壤吸附喹乙醇特性的研究

用振荡平衡法研究了喹乙醇在东北黑土、常熟水稻土、陕西潮土、南京黄棕壤和江西红壤中吸附行为及其影响因素.结果表明,喹乙醇在5种土壤中的吸附行为均可用Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程进行良好的线性拟合.其吸附系数KF很小,分别为2.813,1.740,0.446,0.309和0.201,显示很难被土壤吸附.其KF与土壤有机质含量及阳离子交换量呈良好的相关性.而与土壤pH值及黏粒含量相关性较差.温度和离子强度均对喹乙醇在土壤中的吸附有一定影响,较低的温度和离子强度均有利于土壤对喹乙醇的吸附.     

Moisture distribution in sludges based on di erent testing methods

Moisture distributions in municipal sewage sludge, printing and dyeing sludge and paper mill sludge were experimentally studied based on four di erent methods, i.e., drying test, thermogravimetric-di erential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) test, thermogravimetricdi erential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC) test and water activity test. The results indicated that the moistures in the mechanically dewatered sludges were interstitial water, surface water and bound water. The interstitial water accounted for more than 50% wet basis (wb) of the total moisture content. The bond strength of sludge moisture increased with decreasing moisture content, especially when the moisture content was lower than 50% wb. Furthermore, the comparison among the four di erent testing methods was presented. The drying test was advantaged by its ability to quantify free water, interstitial water, surface water and bound water; while TG-DSC test, TG-DTA test and water activity test were capable of determining the bond strength of moisture in sludge. It was found that the results from TG-DSC and TG-DTA test are more persuasive than water activity test.     

环境因素对纳米二氧化钛颗粒在水体中沉降性能的影响

纳米二氧化钛进入水体环境后,其存在形态可能受离子强度、pH和溶解性有机质的影响,进而影响其生态风险.因此,本文考察了纳米二氧化钛颗粒在不同环境条件下的沉降性能.结果显示,纳米二氧化钛在水体中聚集程度与体系的pH值有关,pH值偏离颗粒的等电点时,颗粒的表面电位越高,越不容易聚集;水体离子强度的增加可促进纳米颗粒聚集,而水体中广泛存在的溶解性有机质可使纳米二氧化钛颗粒在水中的稳定性增强,这与颗粒表面的扩散双电层和空间位阻的变化有关.通过对不同来源溶解性有机质的结构进行分析发现,溶解性有机质中所含的芳香性结构对颗粒稳定性的影响大于脂肪烃结构.纳米二氧化钛颗粒可在自然水体中迁移,不易沉降,因此,其对水生生态系统的影响不容忽视.     

厌氧工艺在低浓度废水处理中的应用

高效厌氧反应器是应用于污水处理的一种生物处理系统,因其运行费用低、能耗少且可产生有用副产物甲烷等优点,在低浓度废水处理中逐渐成为应用研究的热点。在系统考查各种应用于低浓度废水的厌氧工艺基础上,重点介绍了上流式厌氧污泥床、厌氧颗粒污泥膨胀床、厌氧流化床反应器、厌氧膜生物反应器及组合厌氧工艺在低浓度废水处理中的应用。     

基于细观模拟的轻骨料混凝土破坏行为及尺寸效应研究∗

轻骨料混凝土由于其轻质高强及保温隔热性能好等优点,越来越多被应用于实际工程结构。从细观角度出发,将混凝土材料看作由骨料颗粒、砂浆基质及界面过渡区组成的三相复合材料,建立了考虑混凝土材料非均质性影响的二维细观数值分析模型,模拟研究了轻骨料混凝土与普通混凝土压缩和劈拉破坏行为及尺寸效应的异同,并揭示两者破坏机理。结果表明:轻骨料混凝土压缩及劈拉破坏均造成骨料颗粒的断裂,而普通混凝土破坏时骨料很少破坏;轻骨料混凝土由于脆性较强,与普通混凝土相比有更加明显的压缩强度尺寸效应现象;轻骨料混凝土与普通混凝土存在相似的劈拉强度尺寸效应现象。     

Effect of ionic strength on adsorption of As(Ⅲ) and As(V) on variable charge soils

The study was to investigate the adsorption behavior of arsenite (As(III)) and arsenate (As(V)) on two variable charge soils, i.e., Haplic Acrisol and Rhodic Ferralsol at dierent ionic strengths and pH with batch methods. Results indicated that the amount of As(III) adsorbed by these two soils increased with increasing solution pH, whereas it decreased with increasing ionic strength under the acidic condition. This suggested that As(III) was mainly adsorbed on soil positive charge sites through electrostati...     

温度循环对键合及芯片烧结性能的影响分析

温度循环针对材料间的热胀冷缩特性,产生蠕动和疲劳损伤效应。半导体器件在温度循环试验过程中封装可靠性随温度循环时间逐步退化。针对一种半导体器件的键合强度、芯片剪切强度、芯片烧结空洞随温度循环次数的退化情况进行了分析。     

垃圾焚烧飞灰合成地聚物及重金属稳定化效果

以偏高岭土和大掺量垃圾焚烧飞灰为原料,在碱激发作用下制备地质聚合物材料。在抗压强度和重金属浸出毒性测定的基础上,研究了不同原料配比对地聚物性能的影响。实验结果表明:合成的地聚物材料有较高强度,可以达到17 MPa以上,对重金属有明显固化效果,Pb水浸、无机酸浸、有机酸浸出浓度分别为0.25,0.16,0.22 mg/L;Cd水浸、无机酸浸、有机酸浸出浓度分别为0,0,0.15 mg/L,Pb、Cd和其他重金属均达到进入生活垃圾填埋场标准。     

火灾后既有结构混凝土损伤评估的突变模型

为了充分考虑火灾后混凝土损伤的多种控制因素,简便而可靠的混凝土损伤综合评估方法,选取抗压强度、耐久性、爆裂和裂纹等4个损失系数为评价指标,采用突变理论的归一化公式和突变原则,构建火灾后混凝土损伤综合评估的突变模型,并予以工程实例分析。结果表明:该方法与模糊综合法、投影寻踪法、分形插值法、属性识别法、可拓物元法的评价结果具有较好的一致性,评价结果客观准确,是一种简单实用的火灾后混凝土损伤综合评估新方法。