Population,Development, and Waste Management in Botswana: Conceptual and Policy Implications for Climate Change

Based on government and other relevant documentation, this paper explores the conceptual linkage between population, development, and waste management in Botswana and the implications of this relationship for global climate change. Population is increasing, albeit at a decreasing rate. Spatially, the population is becoming more and more concentrated as the rates and level of urbanization increase. Economic growth has remained consistently high. The combined effect of population dynamics and economic development are having a noticeable imprint on the environment in the form of increased waste generation. Poor waste management poses a real threat to environmental sustainability in general and climate change in particular because of inadequate technology, weak institutional mechanisms to enforce regulations, and low levels of sensitization among the public to deal with the problem. Mitigation measures are suggested to minimize the negative effects of waste management on climate change.     

Evaluation of the available air pollution control technologies for achievement of the MACT requirements in the newly implemented new source performance standards (NSPS) and emission guidelines (EG) for hospital and medical/infectious waste incinerators

After many years of research and debate, in August of 1997 the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) and Emission Guidelines (EG) for medical/infectious waste incinerators in the United States. These new emissions and operational standards establish considerably more restrictive limitations on air emissions for medical/infectious waste incinerators and will undoubtedly have a significant impact on the over 2300 hospitals presently operating an incinerator on-site. This paper will explore the options available to these facilities, and those facilities which may be considering installation of an incinerator, relative to achieving compliance with the NSPS and EG for medical/infectious waste incinerators.     

油气田废水中石油类物质测定问题的探讨

本文针对油气田废水复杂多样的特点，对石油类物质测定方法的选择；标准油品的选定以及难萃取样品的处理方法等监测技术问题进行了探讨，旨在提高监测数据的准确性及可靠性。     

优选法及正交试验在选择废水处理最佳条件中的应用

从试验考核指标出发，运用“水质指数（ＷＱＩ）”，分析影响废水处理效果的诸因素，选取ｐＨ值和处理剂加入量为可控因素，利用优选法找出钻井废水处理的最佳条件；选取两个因素水平进行正交试验，选用Ｌ４（２３）正交表，合理安排试验，确定最优因素水平组合。总之，应用优选法及正文试验于钻井废水处理工作中，获得了处理的最佳条件，对钻井生产中废水处理统一操作，降低消耗，保证废水处理达标率起着很重要的作用。     

对水质自动监测中测量值突变的判别与处理

以程序化方式介绍了判别水质自动监测中测量突变的原因。提出当发现某主要指标异常时，应查看相关指标的运行情况，再校准仪器，并人工同步分析样品。若测定结果的相对偏差大于5％，表明测量仪器故障；若相对偏差小于5％，应继续进行源水分析比对，以判别是仪器故障还是污染事故。通过实例分析，淮南市水质自动监测中DO测量值偏低的原因：一是取水泵安装位置不当，造成负压抽水，使水中DO溢出；二是流程太低，致使管道藻类大量繁殖，消耗了水中DO。解决方法：正确安装取水泵，并加大水泵抽水量，冲刷管道藻类。     

测定废弃泥浆中的Cr(Ⅵ)的高效浸提方法研究

研究了废弃泥浆中的Cr(VI)提取测定方法并与土壤的浸提方法进行比较。结果表明,用0.1mol/L的KH2PO4为提取剂高速搅拌离心,分离提取液,可简单、快速、准确地测定废弃泥浆中的Cr(VI)。该方法的相对标准偏差为0.6%~2.5%,加标回收率86%~98%。     

气相色谱法测定环境空气和废气中乙酸

以蒸馏水吸收环境空气或工业废气中的乙酸,用5%PEG20M+0 5%H3PO4ChromosorbHP80目～100目、2m×2mm玻璃填充柱分离,氢火焰离子化检测器检测,样品直接进气相色谱仪测定。方法最低检出质量浓度为0 16mg/m3,相对标准差为2%～5%,加标回收率在85%～106%之间。方法操作简便、快速。     

废水化学需氧量测定中稀释倍数的确定

根据化学需氧量测定原理和分析方法，推导出化学需氧量测定限，由测定限确定不同浓度废水化学需氧量测定的稀释倍数。     

对苯二甲酸和聚脂生产废水处理技术综述

对苯二甲酸和聚脂均是化纤工业中的重要原料，本文论述了对这两种生产废水的处理技术，并比较了不同处理方法的优缺点。