Life cycle indicators for monitoring the environmental performance of European waste management

As widely recognised by EU legislation, Life Cycle Thinking (LCT) is a viable approach to support sound waste management choices. In this context, the Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES) of the European Commission Joint Research Centre (JRC) has lead the development of macro-level, life cycle based waste management indicators to quantify and monitor the potential environmental impacts, benefits, and improvements associated with the management of a number of selected waste streams generated and treated in Europe.The waste management indicators developed make use of a combination of macro statistical waste management data combined with emissions/resource life cycle data for the different elements of the waste treatment chain. Indicators were initially calculated for the entire European Union (EU-27) and for Germany, covering several waste streams and a broad range of environmental impact categories.An indicator developed for a given waste stream captures the potential environmental impact associated with the generation and management of that waste stream. The entire waste management chain is considered, i.e. from generation to final treatment/disposal. Therefore, system boundaries for the selected waste streams include also the treatment or recycling of secondary waste (e.g. bottom ash from the incineration of household waste), and secondary products (e.g. recovered paper), as well as energy recovery.The experiences from the development of these life cycle based waste management indicators suggest that more detailed and quality-assured waste statistics are needed, especially covering the many different treatment operations and options. Also, it would be beneficial if waste statistics had a higher disaggregation level of waste categories, as well as more detailed information about waste composition. A further development of the indicators should include an increased number of waste streams, as well as calculation of the results for all Member States.     

高压M废水生化处理中硫化物测定方法的探讨

高压Ｍ废水成分较复杂，如何准确测定其中硫化物的含量，是考查高压Ｍ废水处理好坏的关键问题．本论文分析了测量误差产生的原因，选择了能使测量值趋于准确的新型预处理沉淀剂，并根据水中硫化物含量的不同，选用不同的测量方法，达到减少杂质干扰、准确分析、降低误差的目的．     

加强管理，实现医疗废弃物无害化

分析了福州医疗废物的现状和现行处置方式中存在的问题，提出了加强管理，实现医疗废弃物无害化处置的措施。     

Monitoring trihalomethanes in water by differential ultraviolet spectroscopy

Ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy is a valid surrogate for monitoring the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs). Sodium thiosulphate is commonly used to remove disinfectant residual. However, it produces interferences with absorbance in the UV region. Relationship between trihalomethane (THM) formation and differential UV absorbance (−ΔA _λ ) was explored in the presence of sodium thiosulphate. Chlorination of two synthetic and five natural waters was carried out. Sodium thiosulphate showed high UV absorption at 254 nm. This effect can be overcome selecting a higher wavelength. Optimum wavelength varied being about 290 nm for fulvic acid and 300 nm for humic acid type natural organic matter. Correlation between THMs formation and −ΔA _λ was linear for all the analysed samples. Regression curves do not pass through zero indicating the existence of a threshold absorbance decreasment. Once it is surpassed THM release begins. Chlorination of surface waters showed that the presence of bromide significantly increases THMs vs. −ΔA _λ slope. Furthermore, slope decreased with the aromaticity–hydrophobicity of organic matter.     

Medical supplies management in the cholera epidemic in Somalia 1985

In March/April 1985 a cholera epidemic of explosive speed affected a population of 45,000 newly arrived refugees in the town of Hargeysa in the North-West region of Somalia. Seven hundred and sixty one people were killed by the disease within ten days. Great efforts were made on regional, national and international levels in order to reduce mortality and to control the spread of the disease, and large amounts of relief supplies were immediately flown into the country from various aid organizations and governments. This paper describes the supplies management during the operation, with an emphasis on the mobilization of supplies from abroad and from the capital into the emergency area. Recommendations are offered for the organization of medical supplies during cholera outbreaks. The author worked during the epidemic as co-ordinating secretary for relief supplies in Mogadishu.     

Local authority waste paper recovery operations: An appropriate costing system

This article reviews attempts by other workers to derive full economic evaluations of local authority waste paper recovery operations and proposals from government bodies to devise uniform costing systems for these schemes. In the light of this work a standard costing system for local authority waste paper recovery operations is proposed. Empirical data was obtained from a number of local authorities and analysed using this standard costing system. The viability of each scheme under the standard costing system and the Council's original costing system is compared.     

日本下水污泥处理概况

本文着重介绍９０年代日本下水污泥处理工艺、设备及其它的综合利用的情况，可供我国炼油污水的“三泥”处理借鉴，以提高其处理水平。     

灾害中的医疗救护及灾害医学

本文根据国内外的先进经验,结合我国的实际情况对灾害医学的慨念、特点、工作性质和范围进行了探讨,并结合我国灾害医学的现状提出相应的对策。     

沈阳北部污水处理厂优化运行管理实践

满负荷运行、达标排放是运行管理的使命和责任,摸索运行规律是优化运行管理的基础和前提,变废为宝资源利用是动力和方向。     

废弃印刷电路板资源化回收利用技术探讨

废弃印刷电路板成分复杂,在含有大量可回收金属的同时,还含有多种有害物质,其资源化回收和处置技术受到国内外广泛的关注。对目前主要的废弃印刷电路板回收利用技术应用状况和实践进展进行了分析。机械法．化学冶金法是目前广泛应用的以回收废弃印刷电路板中的金属为主要目的的回收技术。应用热解技术处理废弃印刷电路板,不仅可以有效回收废弃印刷电路板中的金属物质,还可以使废弃印刷电路板中的非金属物质得到资源化利用,具有很好的发展前景。