人工湿地污染物去除效率稳定性分析——以沈阳市满堂河污水处理中心为例

利用沈阳市满堂河污水处理中心人工湿地8年来运行数据,对人工湿地整体系统和不同功能区的水质净化效果进行了对比分析,结果表明,潜流人工湿地对CODCr的去除效率,在50%～70%;表面流人工湿地对CODCr的去除效率,稳定在20%左右;人工湿地系统整体对悬浮物和氨氮的去除效率保持在50%以上;人工湿地系统对污染物质的去除效率,随着运行时间增加而日趋稳定。     

滤膜过滤 微波干燥法快速测定水中悬浮物

采用滤膜过滤微波干燥技术,建立了水中悬浮物的快速测定方法。以0.45μm硝酸乙酸纤维素(CN-CA)滤膜为过滤介质,采用变功率连续加热模式,空白湿滤膜在10 min内恒重(900 W/5 min+500 W/5 min),附有悬浮物的湿滤膜在13 min内恒重(900 W/8 min+500 W/5 min)。选择不同质量浓度的高岭土标准样品和不同类别的实际样品进行方法性能测试,结果表明,该方法检出限为5 mg/L,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.7%~7.1%,相对误差为2.0%~5.0%,采用该方法与采用标准方法《水质悬浮物的测定重量法》(GB 11901—89)测定实际样品的结果吻合。该方法显著缩短了水中悬浮物测定的分析时间,精密度和准确度能够满足分析要求,可用于地表水及一般工业排放废水中悬浮物质量浓度的快速测定。     

电子废弃物拆解园区重金属排放特征和周边土壤重金属污染来源解析及风险评价

对某典型电子废弃物拆解园区排放的废气以及周边土壤中的重金属进行监测分析。结果显示,拆解过程中排放的重金属总量由高到低依次为：锡（Sn）、铬（Cr）、镍（Ni）、铅（Pb）、铜（Cu）、锑（Sb）、锰（Mn）、砷（As）、镉（Cd）、汞（Hg）;从处理工艺来看,几个主要拆解工序均有重金属排放,排放量由高到低依次为：加热烤板、火法冶炼、塑料造粒和湿法冶炼工序。园区周边土壤中的Hg、Cd、Cu、Pb平均质量分数超过珠三角土壤污染风险筛选值。相关性和主成分分析结果表明,Pb、Cu、Cd、Ni、Zn等重金属来源于电子废弃物拆解过程,包括废水排放、大气干湿沉降和固体废弃物随意堆放等途径,Cr可能主要来源于成土母质,Hg有电子废弃物之外的其他来源。土壤生态风险评价结果表明,该区域属于很强生态风险,其中Cd和Hg对生态危害的贡献率达到91.6%。土壤环境容量评价结果表明,该区域仅有As和Cr的土壤现存容量较大,Zn和Ni的土壤现存环境容量较小,已达到警戒值,其余重金属均处于超载状态。该地区土壤重金属污染状况须引起足够重视,应尽快制定管控治理措施。     

微波萃取-高效液相色谱法测定环境空气总悬浮颗粒物中16种多环芳烃

用丙酮/正己烷(1∶1)混合溶剂,微波萃取法提取环境空气总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)中16种多环芳烃组分,各组分萃取率为66%～83%,萃取效果较好。高效液相色谱法二极管阵列检测器和荧光检测器串联可同时测出16种多环芳烃组分。在二极管阵列检测器响应的组分检测限为2 5μg/L～5 0μg/L,荧光检测器响应的组分检测限为0 01μg/L～0 1μg/L。对25μg/L16种多环芳烃标液作精密度试验,相对标准差均<5%,精密度好。取两个交通干线环境空气样品作TSP中多环芳烃测定,16种组分中除蒽、茚并(1,2,3cd)芘、芘、苊烯4种组分外,其他12种组分均有检出。     

利用硫酸渣生产铁精粉的新工艺研究

实验了一种新的工艺来处理硫酸渣,该方法能很好地脱除烧渣中的硫并富集其中的铁,解决了硫酸渣脱硫难的问题。经过处理后可以将其开发为有用的铁精粉作为炼铁原料或者是生产其他铁系产品,实现了废物的资源综合利用。     

Strength and durability characterization of pelletized coal–biomass household briquettes

Increase in waste sludge disposal is always seen as a problem from the point of production industry. However, it is clear that the reuse and recycle of sewage sludge could be a serious economic input. The most important action should be to determine the sludge characterizations and direct the producers towards appropriate reuse and recycling opportunities. In this study, reuse method was examined to produce coal briquette, which will constitute an example for waste sludge. In order to make use of the waste sludge, five different coal briquette samples were produced by mixing powdered coal and bitumen together with waste sludge, at different ratios. The overall results indicated that the sample named CB3 having 70% powdered coal, 20% waste sludge, and 10% bitumen was found to be the optimum coal briquette among the other samples produced. The proximate analysis of the optimum briquette sample was carried out according to the Turkish standards and regulations and it was found out that the produced briquette coal can have commercial value with a gross calorific value of 30.03 MJ/kg and 7.30% ash content.     

基于GIS分析的生态清洁小流域治理思路——以陕西省石泉县饶峰河小流域为例

生态清洁小流域建设对于维护重要水源区水生态安全具有极其重要的意义。以汉江上游的陕西省石泉县饶峰河小流域为研究对象,在对该小流域自然因素和社会经济因素进行调查的基础上,采用GIS空间分析方法,对该小流域治理区域进行精细划分。研究表明饶峰河小流域可划分7个不同的治理区域,分别为:生态修复区、坡耕地修复区、坡面治理区、坡耕地治理区、农田治理区、村镇综合治理区及河(沟)道周边整治区。根据各区域的污染产生特点,针对性地提出各区域治理方向,并进行治理措施配置。该研究可为生态清洁小流域精准治理提供一种新的建设思路。     

Measuring the environmental impact of waste flow management in Brazilian apartment buildings

As biodegradable material represents approximately 70% of household waste in Brazil, any strategy to divert appreciable waste quantities from landfills of necessity has to include valorization and recycling of this material. A societal change of attitude is required to perceive this challenge. Experiments in an urban apartment building are described that produced this change of attitude with a success factor of 80%. Divided waste collection was implemented that separated at the source biodegradable from inert material. Correct collection, handling and display procedures were established. Composting of biodegradable material was carried out under the rooftop of the building as an alternative to using it as animal feed. Half of the inert material entered the reverse logistics chain and was also diverted from the landfill. Waste related material flow through the building is completely quantified, food intake and waste production are related, diversion of both biodegradable and inert waste components from the landfill is measured and the composting process is described. The landfill diversion stands at 61%, mass reduction through the composting process is 80% and matured compost is returned to residents for use in flower cages. The system has been operational for two years and stands out as a precedent in successful decentralized household waste management supported by material flow analysis. Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.     

Estimation of the effect of the degree of sewage treatment on the status of pollution along the coastline of the Mediterranean Sea using broad scale modelling

A preliminary investigation was performed to estimate the effect of the degree of treatment in Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) on the status of pollution along the coastlines of the Mediterranean Sea. Data from questionnaires and the literature were collected and processed (a) to identify 18 approximate 1D surface coastal currents, (b) to estimate their prevailing direction and average flow velocity and (c) to estimate the water pollution loads and identify their locations of discharge. Then, a simplified 1D water quality model was formulated and applied for the existing conditions and two hypothetical scenarios: (1) all coastal cities have STPs with secondary treatment and (2) all coastal cities have STPs with tertiary treatment to determine BOD(5), TN and TP concentrations in the 18 surface coastal currents. Calculated concentrations were compared and discussed. A main conclusion is that, to reduce pollution in the Mediterranean Sea measures should be adopted for upgrading the water quality of the rivers discharging into the Mediterranean Sea, along with the construction of STPs for all the coastal cities.     

Towards greening a university campus: The case of the University of Maribor, Slovenia

The environmental performance of the University of Maribor (Engineering Campus) has been assessed on a life cycle basis. The following activities have been considered in the study: the use and operation of lecture theatres (construction and maintenance, heating, lighting and water consumption) and day-to-day consumption of sundries (paper and plastic bottles). The results indicate that the heating and construction of buildings are the ‘hot spots’ in the system, for most environmental impacts. Different waste management options for the plastic and paper, including recycling, incineration and landfill, have also been compared for environmental impacts and economic costs. The option combining 70% recycling, 29% incineration and 1% landfill has been found to be most economically and environmentally sustainable.