Effect of protein on PVDF ultrafiltration membrane fouling behavior under different pH conditions: interface adhesion force and XDLVO theory analysis

To further determine the fouling behavior of bovine serum albumin (BSA) on different hydrophilic PVDF ultrafiltration (UF) membranes over a range of pH values, self-made atomic force microscopy (AFM) colloidal probes were used to detect the adhesion forces of membrane–BSA and BSA–BSA, respectively. Results showed that the membrane–BSA adhesion interaction was stronger than the BSA–BSA adhesion interaction, and the adhesion force between BSA–BSA-fouled PVDF/PVA membranes was similar to that between BSA–BSA-fouled PVDF/PVP membranes, which indicated that the fouling was mainly caused by the adhesion interaction between membrane and BSA. At the same pH condition, the PVDF/PVA membrane–BSA adhesion force was smaller than that of PVDF/ PVP membrane–BSA, which illustrated that the more hydrophilic the membrane was, the better antifouling ability it had. The extended Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek (XDLVO) theory predicts that the polar or Lewis acid–base (AB) interaction played a dominant role in the interfacial free energy of membrane–BSA and BSA–BSA that can be affected by pH. For the same membrane, the pH values of a BSA solution can have a significant impact on the process of membrane fouling by changing the AB component of free energy.

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Using loose nanofiltration membrane for lake water treatment: A pilot study

• A pilot study was conducted for drinking water treatment using loose NF membranes. • The membranes had very high rejection of NOM and medium rejection of Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺. • Organic fouling was dominant and contribution of inorganic fouling was substantial. • Both organic and inorganic fouling had spatial non-uniformity on membrane surface. • Applying EDTA at basic conditions was effective in removing membrane fouling. Nanofiltration (NF) using loose membranes has a high application potential for advanced treatment of drinking water by selectively removing contaminants from the water, while membrane fouling remains one of the biggest problems of the process. This paper reported a seven-month pilot study of using a loose NF membrane to treat a sand filtration effluent which had a relatively high turbidity (~0.4 NTU) and high concentrations of organic matter (up to 5 mg/L as TOC), hardness and sulfate. Results showed that the membrane demonstrated a high rejection of TOC (by>90%) and a moderately high rejection of two pesticides (54%–82%) while a moderate rejection of both calcium and magnesium (~45%) and a low rejection of total dissolved solids (~27%). The membrane elements suffered from severe membrane fouling, with the membrane permeance decreased by 70% after 85 days operation. The membrane fouling was dominated by organic fouling, while biological fouling was moderate. Inorganic fouling was mainly caused by deposition of aluminum-bearing substances. Though inorganic foulants were minor contents on membrane, their contribution to overall membrane fouling was substantial. Membrane fouling was not uniform on membrane. While contents of organic and inorganic foulants were the highest at the inlet and outlet region, respectively, the severity of membrane fouling increased from the inlet to the outlet region of membrane element with a difference higher than 30%. While alkaline cleaning was not effective in removing the membrane foulants, the use of ethylenediamine tetraacetate (EDTA) at alkaline conditions could effectively restore the membrane permeance.     

土壤中游离重金属离子的测定--唐南膜平衡法

对比了最近几十年来国内外土壤溶液中游离重金属离子浓度的测定方法,在此基础上建立了一种新的测量方法———唐南膜平衡法(DMT)。研究表明,该实验方法可以在不影响反应体系平衡的基础上同时测定多金属元素,而且彼此之间不会发生干扰。     

Aggravation of membrane fouling and methane leakage by a three-phase separator in an external anaerobic ceramic membrane bioreactor

The existence of three-phase separator did not affect COD removal in the EAnCMBR. The existence of three-phase separator aggravated methane leakage of EAnCMBR. The existence of three-phase separator aggravated membrane fouling rate of EAnCMBR. Start-up of EAnCMBR equipped three-phase separator was slightly delayed. The three-phase separator is a critical component of high-rate anaerobic bioreactors due to its significant contribution in separation of biomass, wastewater, and biogas. However, its role in an anaerobic membrane bioreactor is still not clear. In this study, the distinction between an external anaerobic ceramic membrane bioreactor (EAnCMBR) unequipped (R1) and equipped (R2) with a three-phase separator was investigated in terms of treatment performance, membrane fouling, extracellular polymers of sludge, and microbial community structure. The results indicate that the COD removal efficiencies of R1 and R2 were 98.2%±0.4% and 98.1%±0.4%, respectively, but the start-up period of R2 was slightly delayed. Moreover, the membrane fouling rate of R2 (0.4 kPa/d) was higher than that of R1 (0.2 kPa/d). Interestingly, the methane leakage from R2 (0.1 L/d) was 20 times higher than that from R1 (0.005 L/d). The results demonstrate that the three-phase separator aggravated the membrane fouling rate and methane leakage in the EAnCMBR. Therefore, this study provides a novel perspective on the effects of a three-phase separator in an EAnCMBR.     

薄膜结构在动风荷载下的安全性能分析

从理论和实践两方面对薄膜结构在风荷载下的安全性能进行了研究。根据随机过程理论 ,用计算机模拟生成具有空间相关性的风场。发展建立了膜结构几何非线性动力响应问题的有限元公式 ,并以此为基础对一具体的膜结构进行了动力时程响应分析。通过观察膜结构在不同风速下的位移时程曲线 ,笔者发现 :当外界风速小于一定的临界风速时 ,结构的位移响应会逐渐趋于稳态 ,结构的振动逐渐趋于稳定 ,这时结构是安全的 ;当外界风速超过或接近临界风速时 ,结构的振幅会逐渐增大 ,膜结构将可能发生驰振损坏。进而提出了通过增大膜内预应力或提高膜曲面的曲率来防止膜结构风振破坏的方法 ,并指出了在设计和施工中为保证膜结构的风振安全应当采取的措施。     

污泥陶粒流离球填料的应用研究

填料是流离生化技术处理污水的关键材料。文中模拟试验污水处理过程,测试污泥流离球填料的挂膜情况和污染物去除能力。确定运行适应性参数DO水平为4～5mg/L,水力停留时间4h,反应温度22℃,反应pH值7～9时,实施处理配制污水试验的结果表明,净化后污水CODcr和NH3-N去除效果良好,污水净化后符合国家"污水综合排放标准"二级标准的要求,污泥陶粒流离球填料应用于污水处理可行。     

大气中VOCs的污染现状及治理技术研究进展

对近十年来大气中有机污染物(VOCs)的污染现状以及目前采用的主要治理技术的研究进展进行了总结。重点介绍了吸附法、膜分离法、液体吸收法、催化燃烧法以及光催化氧化处理技术等治理技术,并对其优缺点进行了述评。最后探讨了大气中VOCs治理技术的发展现状。     

稠油废水处理工艺研究

介绍了稠油废水的来源与性质,提出3种处理技术,即"水解酸化-接触氧化-臭氧催化氧化",出水CODCr为48.6 mg/L,去除率达到86.55%,处理成本为6.03元/m3;"活性焦预吸附-厌氧-固定化微生物BAF-活性焦后吸附",出水CODCr为40.2 mg/L,去除率达到88.97%,处理成本为5.45元/m3;"强化絮凝-活性污泥MBR",出水CODCr为36.8 mg/L,去除率达到82.64%,处理成本为5.76元/m3。第2种工艺处理效率与处理成本略优。     

膜/电容脱盐(MCDI)特性研究

以NaCl溶液为除盐对象,采用控制变量法,考察电压、流量、温度和进水浓度对膜/电容脱盐(MCDI)除盐效果的影响以及再生方式对MCDI再生效果的影响.结果表明:MCDI的除盐率随电压和温度的升高而增大,随进水流量和浓度的增大而减小;综合考虑除盐率和能量利用效率,在电压1.2 V、流量5.0~7.5 m L·min-1、温度20~25℃、浓度50~250 mg·L-1时,MCDI的除盐性能最佳;再生时,反接方式再生效率最高但耗能大,断路方式几乎无再生效果,短接方式再生效率良好且无耗能,综合考虑短接方式最佳.     

水体中四环素类抗生素的去除技术研究进展

四环素类抗生素因其可以防治人类和动物由病菌引起的疾病,同时又能用作生长促进剂以加快动物生长,目前在国内外被大量使用。抗生素的使用甚至滥用对自然环境造成不容忽视的污染,并进一步对人类身体健康产生潜在危害。从常规处理、膜处理、化学氧化和吸附等角度讨论了国内外对四环素类抗生素去除技术的研究进展,为环境水体中四环素类抗生素污染的有效去除提供了方向。