氢氧化钠-膜过滤法处理含镍电镀废液

介绍了氢氧化钠－膜过滤法处理含镍电镀废液新工艺，并确定了主要的技术参数。该工艺具有回收NiSO4纯度高，出水Ni^2 可实现稳定达排放等优点。     

Effects of protein properties on ultrafiltration membrane fouling performance in water treatment

Protein-like substances always induce severe ultrafiltration (UF) membrane fouling. To systematically understand the effect of proteins, regenerated cellulose UF membrane (commonly used for protein separation) performance was investigated in the presence of bovine serum albumin (BSA) under various water conditions. Results showed that although trypsin enhanced the membrane flux via proteolysis, catalysis took a long time. Membrane fouling was alleviated at high solution pH and low water temperature owing to the strong electrostatic repulsion force among BSA molecules. Both Na⁺ and Ca²⁺ could increase membrane flux. However, Ca²⁺ played a bridging role between adjacent BSA molecules, whereas membrane fouling was alleviated via a hydration repulsion force with Na⁺. The order of influence on membrane fouling was as follows: Ca²⁺ concentration > Na⁺ concentration > pH > temperature > trypsin concentration. Furthermore, a polyvinylidene fluoride UF membrane experiment showed that Ca²⁺ could reduce the fouling induced by BSA. Thus, the differences in UF membrane performance will have application potential for alleviating UF membrane fouling induced by proteins during water treatment.     

Fabrication of PVDF nanofibrous hydrophobic composite membranes reinforced with fabric substrates via electrospinning for membrane distillation desalination

To improve the mechanical properties of the electrospun nanofibrous membrane, the nonwoven fabrics and spacer fabrics were employed as support substrates to fabricate polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF) nanofibrous composite membranes. The influences of the substrate on membrane morphology, hydrophobicity, pore size and pore size distribution,porosity, mechanical strength and permeability were comprehensive evaluated. The electrospun composite membranes had a three dimension bead-fiber interconnected open structure and a rough membrane surface. The membrane surface presented a multilevel re-entrant structure and all the water contact angles were above 140°. In contrast with the pure PVDF nanofibrous membrane, the stress at break and the elastic modulus of the composite membranes increased by 4.5–16 times and 17.5–37 times, respectively. Since the spacer fabrics had less resistance to mass transfer, the membranes composited with spacer fabrics exhibited greater permeate fluxes compared with the composite membranes with the nonwoven fabrics as substrates.During the membrane distillation test, the highest permeate flux was up to 49.3 kg/m~2/hr at the feed temperature of 80°C. The long-time and repeat operation of membrane distillation desalination indicated the fabricated membrane with a good resistance to scaling and wetting.The results suggested the potential of the electrospun composite membrane for membrane distillation application.     

The role of extracellular organic matter on the cyanobacteria ultrafiltration process

The membrane fouling caused by extracellular organic matter (EOM) and algal cells and organic matter removal of two typical cyanobacteria (M. aeruginosa and Pseudoanabaena sp.) during ultrafiltration (UF) process were studied in this work. The results showed that EOM had a broad molecular weight (Mw) distribution and the irreversible membrane fouling was basically caused by EOM. Moreover, humic acid and microbial metabolites were major components of EOM of two typical cyanobacteria. Since EOM could fill the voids of cake layers formed by the algal cells, EOM and algal cells played synergistic roles in membrane fouling. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated that the CH₂ and CH₃ chemical bonds may play an important role in membrane fouling caused by EOM. Interestingly, the cake layer formed by the algal cells could trap the organic matter produced by algae and alleviate some irreversible membrane fouling. The results also showed that although the cake layer formed by the algal cells cause severe permeate flux decline, it could play a double interception role with UF membrane and increase organic matter removal efficiency. Therefore, when using UF to treat algae-laden water, the balance of membrane fouling and organic matter removal should be considered to meet the needs of practical applications.     

芳烃石油树脂生产的环境保护

乙烯装置的副产品在综合利用中存在着严重的环境污染问题。中原油田采取了一些措施。用催化剂对生产尾气进行吸收,将有毒的氟化物转化为钙盐用于磷肥生产;将石油树脂聚合液中BF3脱除,防止对大气、水进行污染;用冷却回收工艺对减压蒸馏放空的芳烃气体进行处理。通过上述治理大大改善了企业的环境,有效地防止了环境污染。     

医药行业蒸馏系统蒸气云爆炸模型的研究

医药行业对药品生产的纯度控制相当重要,蒸馏操作是医药行业普遍运用的工艺手段之一.但由于蒸馏工序所涉及的物料常伴随具有较强燃爆性的危险化学品,且闪点以上操作加剧了物料的燃爆危险,因此医药行业蒸馏系统便成了事故多发的工艺单元之一.通过对某公司蒸馏系统的危险性分析,找出了蒸馏系统存在燃爆危险的主要因素,再进一步采用蒸汽云爆炸事故模拟评价方法,结合拉乌尔定律和道尔顿分压定律对该公司蒸馏系统进行安全评价,确定蒸馏系统二元混合物蒸气云爆炸冲击波损害半径.     

水蒸气蒸馏-离子选择电极法测定矿冶废水中氟化物

建立了采用水蒸气蒸馏进行预处理,用离子选择电极法测定矿冶废水中的氟化物的方法.实验表明,以硫酸为蒸馏试剂,最佳蒸馏条件为,硫酸用量50 mL,蒸馏温度140 ～150℃,蒸馏时间30 min,方法检出限0.05 mg/L.将该方法用于实际样品分析,测定结果的相对标准偏差为2.0％,加标回收率为93.1％.该方法能够有效...     

薄膜结构褶皱研究述评

薄膜结构的一个显著特点是膜材不具有弯曲刚度 ,不能承受面内压应力。当外荷载产生的压应力超过结构的预拉应力时 ,薄膜结构将产生局部屈曲 ,即褶皱。褶皱的出现会对膜结构的美观及受力性能造成影响 ,甚至会造成膜材破坏。由于薄膜结构褶皱机理的复杂性 ,该问题一直没有得到很好的解决。为此 ,笔者首先概括分析了国内外膜结构褶皱分析方面的主要成果 ,并提出采用修正的本构矩阵方法 ,来分析处于褶皱状态的薄膜结构 ,结合算例证明了该方法的正确性和有效性。     

脱硫生物膜滴滤塔固定化启动工艺特性研究

通过塔外接种挂膜和塔内启动实验 ,进行脱硫生物膜滴滤塔固定化启动工艺特性研究。在塔外接种挂膜过程中 ,将粉煤灰、拉西环、陶土颗粒作为挂膜载体进行了比较。试验结果表明 ,陶土填料具有较强的生物膜附着性 ,膜活性明显好于其他两种挂膜载体。采用陶土颗粒进行塔内启动实验结果表明 ,生物膜的生长在塔中经历适应期、动力学增长期和稳定期 ,循环液的Fe2 +的氧化速率与吸光度具有明显的相关性 ,同时 ,压力损失和pH也是作为挂膜启动完成的重要指标。挂膜 3天后 ,氧化亚铁硫杆菌的Fe2 +氧化速率趋于稳定 ,挂膜完成。连续运行一周后 ,Fe~(2 +)氧化速率保持在 0 .2g·L~-( 1)·h ~(-1),连续通入低浓度二氧化硫气体驯化后 ,脱硫率可达到 90 %以上。     

帘子布厂萃取废水中单体的回收工艺

采用三效蒸馏法处理帘子布生产过程中的萃取废水，回收单体及其低聚物，一方面减少环境污染，另一方面减少了原材料损失，降低了生产成本。处理后的外排水可达到国家Ⅱ级排放标准。该工艺具有污染物去除率高、运行稳定等特点，适合大中型帘子布生产企业的萃取废水处理。