Insight into vented explosion mechanism and premixed flame dynamics in linked vessels: Influence of membrane thickness and blocking rate

To effectively prevent and mitigate explosion hazards and casualties, relief venting of flammable gas explosions has been applied in production processes in a broad variety of industries. This work conducted fully vented experiments to investigate the influence of venting membrane thickness, and partially vented experiments to investigate the influence of baffle blocking rate on the explosion characteristics of 9.5 vol% methane-air mixtures in linked vessels with a 0.5 m long vented duct. Results indicate that the membrane thickness and blocking rate for the two types of vented explosions significantly affected the explosion overpressure. The smaller the membrane thickness and blocking rate, the lower the explosion overpressure. Secondary explosions were observed in the vented duct through experiments and a weaker explosion flame appeared at a small blocking rate of 20%. With the further increase in the blocking rate, the flame became extremely weak, and no secondary explosions occurred. The overpressure evolution process at different positions in the explosion duct and secondary explosion phenomenon in the vented duct were investigated. This work could probably serve as an important reference for the selection of technical parameters of explosion venting in the practical industrial processes.     

泥磷中温蒸馏提取黄磷设备材料腐蚀特性研究

蒸磷法是国内从泥磷中提取黄磷的最常用方法,但该方法常存在蒸磷釜局部氧化严重、设备腐蚀较快等问题。模拟泥磷中温蒸馏提取黄磷的腐蚀试验,分析了Q235钢、45钢和304不锈钢3种材料在泥磷水分蒸发(100℃)和黄磷提取(290℃)2个阶段中质量与时间、材料腐蚀速率与时间的关系。采用扫描电镜(SEM)对腐蚀较严重的45钢材料进行了微观形貌分析,并分别用能谱分析仪(EDS)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)对腐蚀产物成分及其相组成进行分析。结果表明:在100℃和290℃时,45钢的腐蚀速率最大,Q235钢次之,304不锈钢最小;45钢和Q235不锈钢100℃时腐蚀速率大于290℃时,而304不锈钢100℃时腐蚀速率小于290℃时。研究表明,304不锈钢的抗腐蚀能力最强,其次是Q235钢,而45钢抗腐蚀能力最弱。     

空气隙膜蒸馏膜污染控制实验研究

采用空气隙膜蒸馏组件,采用美国进口膜,以自来水、伞盖3号原水和苦咸水为工质,实验分析了膜污染情况,结果显示:料液无旋转时,自来水间歇累计运行32 h后出现污染;质量分数分别为20%和50%的盐水8 h后传质通量降低到最初通量32%和12%;3号原水瞬时产生污染,经砂滤处理后为苦咸水,传质通量比原水提高4倍～5倍,运行8h后通量下降到初始通量的6%。削弱膜污染方法采用最优参数的三向旋转入流组件(α=70°、δ=2 mm、β=45°),自来水进入污染期由32 h推迟到65 h,传质通量比无旋转增大近20%;采用具有分水盘的并接式空气隙膜组件,开槽2 mm膜污染较严重,开槽3 mm的膜通量比无旋转入流传质通量平均增大60%,两种组件设计形式均可提高膜通量,一定程度缓解了膜污染的产生。     

膜生物反应器法处理模拟印染废水

针对人工模拟的印染废水,设计了缺氧/好氧膜生物反应器相结合的处理装置。系统经过165 d的运+行,结果表明:系统对COD和氨氮一直有很好的去除效果,稳定期COD的去除率可以达到95.0%,NH4+-N平均去除率为96.5%,TP的平均去除率低于50%,TN的去除率处在60%⁸0%之间,活性艳红染料X-3B的去除率在60%80%之间,活性艳红染料X-3B的去除率在60%⁷3%之间,出水含有少量色度。水样中长链的壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚NP10EO的去除率可以达到99%,出水仅含有少量的NP1EO,NP2EO和NP。     

膜法处理垃圾渗滤液新技术实验研究

将改进间歇式活性污泥法与FIL-MAX膜组合处理工艺相结合,应用于沈阳某垃圾场垃圾渗滤液处理工程实例中。通过实验,分析了COD、NH3-N等指标的处理效率以及影响因素,最终得出改进间歇式活性污泥法与FIL-MAX组合工艺处理在一定程度上改善膜污染、膜堵塞等常见问题。     

Comparative studies on fouling of homogeneous anion exchange membranes by different structured organics in electrodialysis

Five negatively charged organic compounds with different structures, sodium methane sulfonate (MS), sodium benzene sulfonate (BS), sodium 6-hydroxynaphthalene-2-sulfonate (NSS), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS), were used to examine the fouling of an anion exchange membrane (AEM) in electrodialysis (ED), to explore the effect of molecular characteristics on the fouling behavior on the AEM and changes in the surface and electrochemical properties of the AEM. Results indicated that the fouling degree of the AEM by the different organics followed the order: SDBS?>?SDS?>?NSS?>?BS?>?MS. SDBS and SDS formed a dense fouling layer on the surface of the AEM, which was the main factor in the much more severe membrane fouling, and completely restricted the transmembrane ion migration. The other three organics caused fouling of the AEM by adsorption on the surface and /or accumulation in the interlayer of the AEM, and exhibited almost no influence on the transmembrane ion migration. It was also concluded that the organics with benzene rings caused more severe fouling of the AEM due to the stronger affinity interaction and steric effect between the organics and the AEM compared with organics with aliphatic chains.     

Characterization of dissolved organic matter and membrane fouling in coagulation-ultrafiltration process treating micro-polluted surface water

Coagulation–ultrafiltration(C–UF) is widely used for surface water treatment. With the removal of pollutants, the characteristics of organic matter change and affect the final treatment efficiency and the development of membrane fouling. In this study, we built a dynamic C–UF set-up to carry out the treatment of micro-polluted surface water, to investigate the characteristics of dissolved organic matter from different units. The influences of poly aluminum chloride and poly dimethyldiallylammonium chloride(PDMDAAC) on removal efficiency and membrane fouling were also investigated. Results showed that the dosage of PDMDAAC evidently increased the UV254 and dissolved organic carbon removal efficiencies,and thereby alleviated membrane fouling in the C–UF process. Most hydrophobic bases(HoB)and hydrophobic neutral fractions could be removed by coagulation. Similarly, UF was good at removing HoB compared to hydrophilic substances(HiS) and hydrophobic acid(HoA)fractions. HiS and HoA fractions with low molecule weight accumulated on the surface of the membrane, causing the increase of transmembrane pressure(TMP). Membrane fouling was mainly caused by a removable cake layer, and mechanical cleaning was an efficient way to decrease the TMP.     

Fenton cleaning strategy for ceramic membrane fouling in wastewater treatment

Membrane fouling is an obstacle impeding the wide applications of ceramic membranes and organics are responsible for most of the membrane fouling issues in wastewater treatment. In this study, Fenton cleaning strategy was firstly proposed to clean ceramic membrane fouling in wastewater treatment. Fe~(2+)efficiently catalyzed fouling cleaning with H_2O_2(1.5%) to recover the filterability of ceramic membrane. The maximum ΔTMP recovery(over 99%) was achieved at an optimal Fe~(2+)dosage of 124 mg/L after 6 hr of immersion cleaning. The total residual membrane fouling resistance decreased gradually from this optimum value as the Fe~(2+)dosage increased above 124 mg/L. The residual hydraulically reversible fouling resistance accounted for most of the membrane fouling and was basically removed(≤3.0 × 10~9 m~(-1)) when Fe~(2+)dosages higher than 124 mg/L were used. The foulants responsible for the formation of a residual hydraulically reversible fouling layer(DOC(dissolved organic carbon), proteins, polysaccharides, EEM(fluorescence excitationemission matrix spectra), SS(suspended solids), and VSS(volatile suspended solids)) were gradually removed as the Fe~(2+)dosage increased. These residual organic foulants were degraded from biopolymers(10–200 kDa) to low molecular weight substances(0.1–1 kDa),and the particle size of these residual foulants decreased significantly as a result. The strong oxidation power of hydrogen peroxide/hydroxy radicals towards organic foulants was enhanced by Fe~(2+). Fe~(2+)played a significant role in the removal of hydraulically reversible fouling and irreversible fouling from the ceramic membrane. However, Fe~(2+)(≥ 124 mg/L) increased the likelihood of forming secondary iron-organics aggregates.     

Application of a hybrid gravity-driven membrane filtration and dissolved ozone flotation (MDOF) process for wastewater reclamation and membrane fouling mitigation

This study proposed a novel membrane filtration and dissolved ozone flotation integrated(MDOF) process and tested it at pilot scale. Membrane filtration in the MDOF process was operated in gravity-driven mode, and required no backwashing, flushing, or chemical cleaning. Because ozone was added in the MDOF process, ozonation, coagulation, and membrane filtration could occur in a single reactor. Moreover, in situ ozonation occurred in the MDOF process, which differs from the conventional pre-ozonation membrane filtration process. Significant enhancement of turbidity removal was further achieved through the addition of membrane filtration. Membrane fouling was mitigated in the MDOF process compared to the MDAF process. In situ ozonation in the MDOF process decreased the fluorescence intensity and transformed the high MW dissolved organics into small MW compounds. For the fouling layer, the extracellular polymeric substance(EPS) contents and cake layer morphology were analyzed. The results indicated that the contents of EPS decreased. Furthermore, a thinner and more loosely structured cake layer formed in the MDOF process. Because coagulation and ozonation occurred simultaneously in a single reactor, the generation of hydroxyl radicals was enhanced through the catalytic effect of Al-based coagulants on ozone decomposition, which further alleviated membrane fouling in the MDOF process.     

海水淡化低温多效蒸馏工艺(LT-MED)沿程溴代消毒副产物的生成

研究了海水淡化低温多效蒸馏(LT-MED)工艺沿程水质和溴代消毒副产物(Br-DBPs)变化特征.LT-MED工艺进水海水的Br-浓度和比紫外吸收值(SUVA)分别为54.6 mg·L~(-1)和1.7 L·(mg·m)-1,其荧光特征有机物主要有色氨酸类芳香族蛋白质、富里酸类有机物和溶解性微生物代谢产物.进水海水经Na Cl O消毒后,DBPs的种类和浓度显著增加,且增加的主要为Br-DBPs,三溴甲烷(CHBr3)占总三卤甲烷(THMs)的100%;一溴乙酸(C2H3Br O2)和二溴乙酸(C2H2Br2O2)分别占总卤乙酸(HAAs)的31.9%和68.1%;四溴苯酚(C6H5Br O)占总卤代酚(HPs)的100%.LT-MED海水淡化产品水中THMs、HAAs和HPs均未检出,但是其浓水中的THMs、HAAs和HPs浓度分别为56.9、35.0和0.1μg·L~(-1).