TiO_2光催化对微滤去除腐殖酸的膜污染控制研究

着重研究了不同紫外灯光源和照射时间条件下,TiO_2光催化(PCO)对微滤去除腐殖酸过程中的膜污染控制,并探讨了膜污染的控制机理。研究结果表明,TiO_2光催化能有效提高微滤对腐殖酸的去除,同时降低膜通量的下降,起到有效控制膜污染的作用。进一步的实验分析表明,TiO_2光催化控制膜污染的主要机理在于将腐殖酸降解为易于被TiO_2吸附的小分子量物质,吸附腐殖酸降解产物后的TiO_2聚合颗粒粒径增大,易于在膜表面形成更为松散的沉积层,并使膜污染从以膜孔堵塞和沉积层污染为主转化为以沉积层污染为主的可逆性污染。     

The use of nanoparticles in polymeric and ceramic membrane structures: Review of manufacturing procedures and performance improvement for water treatment

Membrane separations are powerful tools for various applications, including wastewater treatment and the removal of contaminants from drinking water. The performance of membranes is mainly limited by material properties. Recently, successful attempts have been made to add nanoparticles or nanotubes to polymers in membrane synthesis, with particle sizes ranging from 4 nm up to 100 nm. Ceramic membranes have been fabricated with catalytic nanoparticles for synergistic effects on the membrane performance. Breakthrough effects that have been reported in the field of water and wastewater treatment include fouling mitigation, improvement of permeate quality and flux enhancement. Nanomaterials that have been used include titania, alumina, silica, silver and many others. This paper reviews the role of engineered nanomaterials in (pressure driven) membrane technology for water treatment, to be applied in drinking water production and wastewater recycling. Benefits and drawbacks are described, which should be taken into account in further studies on potential risks related to release of nanoparticles into the environment.     

TiO2光催化对微滤去除腐殖酸的膜污染控制研究

着重研究了不同紫外灯光源和照射时间条件下,TiO2光催化（PCO）对微滤去除腐殖酸过程中的膜污染控制,并探讨了膜污染的控制机理。研究结果表明,TiO2光催化能有效提高微滤对腐殖酸的去除,同时降低膜通量的下降,起到有效控制膜污染的作用。进一步的实验分析表明,TiO2光催化控制膜污染的主要机理在于将腐殖酸降解为易于被TiO2吸附的小分子量物质,吸附腐殖酸降解产物后的TiO2聚合颗粒粒径增大,易于在膜表面形成更为松散的沉积层,并使膜污染从以膜孔堵塞和沉积层污染为主转化为以沉积层污染为主的可逆性污染。     

混凝-超滤短流程工艺处理北方水库原水简

采用混凝-超滤膜短流程工艺对大伙房水库原水进行处理,考察其除污染性能和膜污染情况,并对该短流程工艺参数进行优化。结果表明,当利用超滤膜直接过滤原水时,膜污染较重,并且对污染物质的去除率较低;而采用混凝-超滤短流程工艺时,膜污染得到一定程度上的缓解;当絮凝剂投加量为7 mg/L、膜清洗周期为30 min时,对浊度、COD_Mn和UV₂₅₄的去除率分别为95.61%、40.42%和37.12%,出水水质能够满足生活饮用水卫生标准。     

Risks of using membrane filtration for trace metal analysis and assessing the dissolved metal fraction of aqueous media--a study on zinc, copper and nickel

Membrane filtration is commonly performed for solid-liquid separation of aqueous solutions prior to trace metal analysis and when assessing “dissolved” metal fractions. Potential artifacts induced by filtration such as contamination and/or adsorption of metals within the membrane have been investigated for different membrane materials, metals, applied pressures and pre-cleaning steps. Measurements have been conducted on aqueous solutions including well-defined metal standards, ultrapure water, and on runoff water from corroded samples.Filtration using both non-cleaned and pre-cleaned filters revealed contamination and adsorption effects, in particular pronounced for zinc, evident for copper but non-significant for nickel. The results clearly show these artifacts to be non-systematic both for non-cleaned and pre-cleaned membranes. The applied pressure was of minor importance.Measurements of the labile fraction by means of stripping voltammetry clearly elucidate that membrane filtration followed by total metal analysis cannot accurately assess the labile or the dissolved metal fraction.     

Chitosan/albumin/CaCO3 as mimics for membrane bioreactor fouling: genesis of structural mineralized-EPS-building blocks and cake layer compressibility

Membrane bioreactor biofouling is usually described as an extracellular matrix in which biopolymers, inorganic salts and active microbes co-exist. For that reason, biomineralization (BM) models can be useful to describe the spatial organization and environmental constraints within the referred scenario. BM arguments were utilized as background in order to (1) evaluate CaCO₃ influence on flux decline; pore blocking and cake layer properties (resistance, permeability and compressibility) in a wide range of Chitosan/Bovine serum albumin (BSA) mixtures during step-pressure runs and, (2) perform membrane autopsies in order to explore the genesis of mineralized extracellular building blocks (MEBB) during cake layer build up. Using low molecular weight chitosan (LC) and BSA, 2 L of 5 LC/BSA mixtures (0.25-1.85 ratio) were pumped to an external ultra filtration (UF) membrane (23.5 cm², hydrophobic, piezoelectric, 100 kDa as molecular weight cut-off). Eight different pressure steps (40 ± 7 to 540 ± 21 kPa) were applied. Each pressure step was held for 900 s. CaCO₃ was added to LC/BSA mixtures at 0.5, 1.5 and 3 mM in order to create MEBB during the filtration tests. Membrane autopsies were performed after the filtration tests using thermo gravimetric, scanning microscopy and specific membrane mass (mg cm⁻²) analyses. Biopolymer-CaCO₃ step-pressure filtration created compressible cake layers (with inner voids). The formation of an internal skeleton of MEBB may contribute to irreversible fouling consolidation. A hypothesis for MEBB genesis and development was set forth.     

Isolation and characterization of lead-tolerant Ochrobactrum intermedium and its role in enhancing lead accumulation by Eucalyptus camaldulensis

In this study, the potential of rhizospheric bacteria in promoting the growth and Pb accumulation by the woody plant Eucalyptus camaldulensis under hydroponic conditions was investigated for the first time. Three Pb-tolerant bacteria were isolated from the rhizosphere of E. camaldulensis grown in Pb-contaminated soils in the Bo Ngam Pb mine, Thailand. Based on analysis of partial 16S rRNA gene sequence, the three isolates were identified as Microbacterium paraoxydans BN-2, Ochrobactrum intermedium BN-3, and Bacillus fusiformis BN-4. Among these strains, O. intermedium BN-3 showed the highest tolerance to not only Pb but also Cd and Zn. After growth in the presence of Pb, the membranes of O. intermedium BN-3 cells exhibited an increase in unsaturated fatty acid levels but a decrease in fluidity. In hydroponic studies, inoculation of O. intermedium BN-3 significantly increased the biomass and Pb accumulation by E. camaldulensis compared to the uninoculated control. The results suggested the role of the natural rhizospheric bacteria localized to the root surface of E. camaldulensis in promoting Pb accumulation and plant growth. Our results indicate that O. intermedium BN-3 and other indigenous rhizospheric bacteria have the potential to improve the efficiency of phytoremediation of Pb-contaminated sites.     

好氧硝化颗粒污泥膜生物反应器性能和膜污染研究

实验研究了好氧硝化颗粒污泥膜生物反应器AGMBR的处理性能,并将其与活性污泥膜生物反应器ASMBR进行对比,考察了颗粒污泥在减缓膜污染中所起的作用.好氧硝化颗粒污泥膜生物反应器AGMBR连续稳定运行102 d,系统具有良好的去除有机物和同时硝化反硝化能力,在进水COD和NH+4-N浓度分别为500和200 mg/L时,COD、NH+4-N和TN的去除率分别稳定在86%、94%和45%以上.颗粒污泥有效减缓了膜污染,延长了膜清洗的周期,AGMBR中的膜污染以膜孔堵塞为主,占总阻力的64.81%;滤饼层的阻力为2.1×1012m-1,远小于ASMBR中的16.07×10"m-1;膜清洗周期是相同条件下ASMBR的2.43倍以上;而且AGMBR内不断有新颗粒生成,维持了AGMBR系统性能和运行的稳定.     

膜生物反应器中溶解性微生物产物特性的研究进展

溶解性微生物产物是制约生物处理出水达标和回用的主要污染物,处理工艺和操作条件的不同可能造成其特性差异。阐述了溶解性微生物产物的定义和产生机制,对膜生物反应器中溶解性微生物产物的组成、分子质量分布、亲水／疏水性、螯合性和毒性进行了概述,分析了影响其产生、特性和去除的因素。由于膜的截留作用使溶解性微生物产物在膜生物反应器中积累,容易引起膜污染。可以通过优化操作条件,减少溶解性微生物产物的产生,提高出水水质,有效地抑制膜污染。     

高压水射流清洗油井结垢管安全生产问题讨论

针对目前油田开发生产中出现的油井管存在结垢日益严重、清洗难度大、污染环境、影响油水井安全生产等问题,理论与实际结合,提出了利用高压水射流清洗结垢管技术。给出了结垢管安全清洗的工艺流程及清洗装置,并阐明射流清洗的工作原理、结构特点、技术标准、检验方法、安全保护措施等,同时进行了高压旋转喷头的设计和其他技术参数的优选。通过胜利油田孤东采油厂结垢管现场高压水射流安全清洗,证实该技术具有良好的经济效益和社会效益,保证结垢管的安全使用和油水井的安全生产。