南方红壤区氮湿沉降特征及其对流域氮输出的影响

本研究通过对江西千烟洲香溪流域雨季氮湿沉降及径流过程进行监测,分析降雨及径流过程的各形态氮浓度变化,探讨南方红壤区氮湿沉降特征及其对流域氮输出的影响.结果表明:1 2014年雨季(3~6月)共27场降雨,产生的氮湿沉降负荷达43.64~630.59 kg,氮沉降通量为0.44~6.43 kg·hm-2,呈现出极大的季节变异性;2对其中3场降雨过程进行动态分析发现,当降雨量为8~14 mm时,流域氮沉降负荷达18.03~41.16 kg,而该地区氮湿沉降通量为0.18~0.42 kg·hm-2.其中3场次降雨事件导致流域水体的总径流量为4 189.38 m3,TN总流失负荷16.72 kg,输出通量为4.64 kg·hm-2;DTN总流失负荷为9.64 kg,输出通量为2.68 kg·hm-2;NH+4-N总流失负荷2.93 kg,输出通量为0.81 kg·hm-2;NO-3-N总流失负荷5.60 kg,输出通量为1.56 kg·hm-2.3流域氮湿沉降对流域氮输出的贡献率约为56%~94%,说明降雨对流域氮流失影响巨大,并以硝酸盐为主,流域水体中总氮浓度超过河流水体富营养化阈值(1.5 mg·L-1)存在发生富营养化的隐患.     

厦门室内多溴二苯醚的沉降通量、季节变化与人体暴露水平

室内灰尘是人体对多溴二苯醚(PBDEs)暴露的重要乃至主要途径.吸尘器收集的灰尘中PBDEs的含量与室内人员血液中该物质含量的相关性较差,不适用于估算人体暴露剂量,也不能研究其沉降通量及其季节变化,用被动采样法采集室内降尘则可弥补这些不足.在厦门市选取家庭、办公室、机房和家具厂等采样点49个,用水平放置的玻璃板(四周用洁净铝箔围起)采集一年四季的降尘样品,对降尘中PBDEs的沉降通量、含量、组成、季节变化与人体暴露水平等进行研究.厦门家庭、办公室、机房和家具厂中ΣPBDEs(16种BDE的和,含BDE-209)全年沉降通量几何均值分别为6.1、3.0、1.1和179.8ng·(m~2·d)~(-1),家庭室内ΣPBDEs沉降通量是办公室的两倍,但全年家庭室内降尘中ΣPBDEs的含量(445.5 ng·g~(-1))仅略高于办公环境(384.0 ng·g~(-1)).厦门家庭、办公室、机房ΣPBDEs年均沉降通量与国内外城市相比处于较低水平.家具厂PBDEs沉降通量远高于普通环境.秋季ΣPBDEs沉降通量最大.各类室内环境四季降尘ΣPBDEs中BDE-209的百分比几何均值都在80%以上.家庭、办公室和机房室内ΣPBDEs沉降通量和降尘通量显著相关,而家具厂ΣPBDEs沉降通量与降尘通量无显著相关性.家庭和办公室Σ_(15)PBDEs沉降通量与电脑年龄显著相关,而与电器和家具数量、装修等无统计显著相关性.室内降尘是人体对ΣPBDEs尤其是高溴BDEs的一条主要暴露途径.     

北京大气颗粒物和重金属铅干沉降通量及季节变化

为了解大气颗粒物和重金属铅(Pb)干沉降通量的变化规律,采用聚氨酯泡沫膜片为代用面联合干湿沉降自动观测设备,于2013年12月~2014年11月在北京城区采集了颗粒物干沉降,利用微波消解和电感耦合等离子体质谱仪对样品中全量Pb和水溶性Pb进行了测试分析.结果表明,北京大气颗粒物和Pb干沉降通量分别为0.84 t·(hm~2·a)~(-1)和7.56mg·(m~2·a)~(-1),呈现出春季冬季秋季~夏季的特征.大气颗粒物中水溶性Pb干沉降通量为3.14 mg·(m~2·a)~(-1),占Pb干沉降总量的43%,这一比例呈现出冬春季高于夏秋季的特征.人为源排放不仅增加了大气颗粒物和Pb的干沉降通量,也改变了水溶性Pb干沉降通量的季节分布.研究结果对科学评估重金属沉降的生态影响和健康效应提供了科学基础,同时凸显了消减人为源重金属排放的重要性.     

太湖湖滨带春季悬浮物沉降特征与水体营养盐响应

为研究湖滨带悬浮物沉降过程中水体营养盐时空分布状况,在太湖西岸湖滨带典型区域进行原位沉降实验,计算了沉降量和沉降通量,并对沉降过程中TP、TN、NH+4-N、NO-3-N测定分析.结果表明,太湖西岸湖滨带沉降通量表现为人工芦苇区近岸无植被区自然芦苇区远岸无植被区,平均沉降通量分别为(1 383.40±925.60)、(1 208.67±743.50)、(278.72±142.53)、(245.58±154.25)g·(m2·d)-1,沉降第6 d以后沉降量稳定上升,沉降速率大于分解速率;经过持续15 d野外沉降实验观测,沉降过程中近岸带的TP含量是远岸带的2~3倍,且沉积物捕获器内NH+4-N和NO-3-N含量出现显著的差异(P0.01);沉降量与水体TN和NH+4-N含量呈显著相关(P0.01,n=42),表明沉降量的增加会导致上覆水体TN与NH+4-N含量增加;TN与NH+4-N相关系数为0.84,显示沉降量的增加可能加速氮素不同形态间相互转化,这一现象在当前太湖湖泛治理中应当予以重视.     

黄土高原磷湿沉降特征及其对坝系流域磷输出影响-以羊圈沟为例

对黄土高原坝系流域磷(P)的湿沉降过程进行动态监测,分析了降雨-径流过程中各形态磷的输出变化,探讨了黄土高原坝系流域磷湿输出分异特征及其对水体的影响.结果表明:2015年湿季(7、8月)共11场降雨,产生的磷湿沉降负荷为30.8 kg,磷湿沉降通量为0.16kg·hm~(-2),干季(9月)共3场降雨,产生的磷湿沉降负荷为20.51 kg,磷湿沉降通量为0.11 kg·hm~(-2),干湿季磷湿沉降负荷呈现出明显差异性;选取3场降雨过程(降雨量从小到大)进行动态分析发现,流域磷湿沉降负荷分别为3.33、7.51和6.35 kg,相应的本地区磷湿沉降通量依次为0.02、0.04、0.03 kg·hm~(-2),3场降雨总磷(TP)的输出负荷为1.5×10-3kg,溶解性总磷(DTP)的输出负荷为1.24×10~(-3)kg,PO_4~(3-)-P的输出负荷为7×10-4kg,表明该地区磷湿沉降以可溶性磷为主.根据单因子评价方法中的标准指数法,发现流域水质不能满足Ⅴ类水质标准,应对流域水体加强管理.     

微生物燃料电池处理含S2-/NH4+废水的研究

以除硫硝化微生物燃料电池(Microbial Fuel Cell,MFC)处理含S~(2-)/NH_4~+的模拟无机废水,研究了不同进水S~(2-)浓度下MFC的产电性能、污染物去除效果和阳极室硫累积情况.结果表明,除硫硝化MFC可实现同步阳极除硫和阴极硝化,并通过非生物电化学作用和生物电化学作用共同产电.进水S~(2-)浓度为(60.8±2.9)、(131.7±2.4)、(161.7±4.5)和(198.1±3.1)mg·L~(-1)时,最佳阳极碳刷清洗周期分别为3、3、3、4个换水周期,前3个进水浓度下的换水周期可分别缩短为6、8和8 h.MFC阴极硝化完全,不受进水S~(2-)浓度影响,但氧从阴极向阳极的渗漏导致阳极库仑效率较低(40%).适当增加进水S~(2-)浓度可增强MFC的产电性能并提高S~(2-)去除负荷和颗粒硫累积比.除硫硝化MFC适宜的进水S~(2-)浓度为(161.7±4.5)mg·L~(-1),相应的最大功率密度为5.77 W·m~(-3),周期产电量为(141.0±5.2)C,S~(2-)去除负荷为(0.31±0.00)g·L~(-1)·d~(-1),颗粒硫累积比达58%.阳极碳纤维丝上沉积有粒径约100 nm的颗粒硫.阳极悬浮物与沉积物相比,悬浮物中S0含量比例较高,而S6+含量比例较低.     

Low cost measurements of nitrogen and sulphur dry deposition velocities at a semi-alpine site: gradient measurements and a comparison with deposition model estimates

The conditional time averaged gradient method was used to measure air-surface exchange of nitrogen and sulphur compounds at a semi-alpine site in Southern Norway. Dry deposition velocities were then obtained from the bi-weekly concentration gradient measurements. Annual deposition velocities were found to be 1.4, 11.8 and 4.0 mm s(-1) for NH3, HNO3 and SO2, respectively, if all data were included, and to be 10.8, 11.8 and 13.0 mm s(-1), respectively, if only positive values were included. Measured deposition velocities were compared to two sets of values estimated from a big-leaf dry deposition module applying to two different land types (short grass and forbs, and tundra), driven by measured micrometeorological parameters. The deposition module gives reasonable values for this site throughout the year, but does not reproduce the large variability as shown in the measured data. No apparent seasonal variations were found from either measurements or module estimates due to the very low productivity of the studied area.     

Spatial and temporal variations of mercury levels in Okefenokee invertebrates: southeast Georgia

Accumulation of mercury in wetland ecosystems has raised concerns about impacts on wetland food webs. This study measured concentrations of mercury in invertebrates of the Okefenokee Swamp in Georgia, focusing on levels in amphipods, odonates, and crayfish. We collected and analyzed total mercury levels in these invertebrates from 32 sampling stations across commonly occurring sub-habitats. Sampling was conducted in December, May, and August over a two-year period. The highest levels of mercury were detected in amphipods, with total mercury levels often in excess of 20 ppm. Bioaccumulation pathways of mercury in invertebrates of the Okefenokee are probably complex; despite being larger and higher in the food chain, levels in odonates and crayfish were much lower than in amphipods. Mercury levels in invertebrates varied temporally with the highest levels detected in May. There was a lack of spatial variation in mercury levels which is consistent with aerial deposition of mercury.     

Mercury concentrations in wild mink (Mustela vison) and river otters (Lontra canadensis) collected from eastern and Atlantic Canada: relationship to age and parasitism

Total mercury (Hg) concentrations were measured in the fur, brain and liver of wild mink (Mustela vison) and river otters (Lontra canadensis) collected from eastern and Atlantic Canada. Total Hg concentrations in fur were strongly correlated with levels in the brain and liver. There was no difference in tissue concentrations between male and female mink; however, female otters had significantly higher fur, brain and liver Hg levels than males. Similarly, there was not a significant relationship between Hg concentration and age of mink, whereas in otters, Hg concentrations in all three tissues decreased significantly with age. In both species, only a very small percentage of the variability in Hg concentration was explained by age. After adjusting the data for site-to-site differences in Hg levels, Hg concentrations in the fur of mink infected by the parasite, Dioctophyma renale, were found to be significantly higher than Hg levels in uninfected mink.     

Empirical and simulated critical loads for nitrogen deposition in California mixed conifer forests

Empirical critical loads (CL) for N deposition were determined from changes in epiphytic lichen communities, elevated NO(3)(-) leaching in streamwater, and reduced fine root biomass in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) at sites with varying N deposition. The CL for lichen community impacts of 3.1kg ha(-1) year(-1) is expected to protect all components of the forest ecosystem from the adverse effects of N deposition. Much of the western Sierra Nevada is above the lichen-based CL, showing significant changes in lichen indicator groups. The empirical N deposition threshold and that simulated by the DayCent model for enhanced NO(3)(-)leaching were 17kg N ha(-1) year(-1). DayCent estimated that elevated NO(3)(-) leaching in the San Bernardino Mountains began in the late 1950s. Critical values for litter C:N (34.1), ponderosa pine foliar N (1.1%), and N concentrations (1.0%) in the lichen Letharia vulpina ((L.) Hue) are indicative of CL exceedance.