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991.
通过田间小区试验,研究了秸秆还田条件下不同氮肥用量对稻田田面水、渗漏水中氮素动态变化和淋失量的影响.结果表明,稻季秸秆还田量为6t/hm2,氮肥用量分别为0,120,180,240,300kg/hm2时,稻季田面水、渗漏水中无机氮(NH4+-N与NO3--N)浓度随氮肥用量的增加而显著增加,秸秆还田显著降低田面水和渗漏水中NH4+-N和NO3--N浓度;田面水中NH4+-N浓度在每次施肥后的第2d、NO3--N在第2~4d达到峰值,渗漏水中NH4+-N在每次施肥后的第2~4d, NO3--N在施基肥后的第20d左右达到峰值;不同处理田面水中NH4+-N、NO3--N的平均浓度及变幅分别为1.23±0.88(0.01~9.89)、1.14±0.18(0.14~2.86)mg/L,渗漏水中分别为1.78±1.60(0.03~22.66)、1.42±0.24(0.22~2.66)mg/L.稻田渗漏量与水稻移栽后天数呈极显著负相关,整个水稻生育期内的总渗漏量为298mm.不同施氮处理稻季NH4+-N、NO3--N的平均净淋失量分别为4.77±4.37 (0.45~12.33)、1.76±1.08(0.49~3.31)kg/hm2,占施氮量的2.57%~4.11%、0.41%~0.56%,氮素损失以NH4+-N为主. 相似文献
992.
动态浸滤及几种静态预测法对云浮硫铁矿酸化特征及产酸潜力的比较 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
用几种静态预测方法研究了来自云浮硫铁矿矿石的产酸潜力,并结合动态浸滤试验方法对比了新旧矿石的氧化过程及产酸的动力学特征.静态预测结果表明:该矿矿石的净中和酸潜力NNP<-20、中和酸能力与产酸潜力比NP/AP<1:1、静产酸量NAG>10、NAG-pH<4,是强产酸矿.连续25周的动态浸滤试验研究表明:受碳酸盐控制,新矿浸滤液的pH值在7.46—6.45呈缓慢下降的趋势,25周内减小了近1个pH单位;旧矿已经产酸,浸滤液初期pH<4,10周内迅速下降到pH<3,体系氧化性及硫化物的氧化速率远远高于新矿,金属的释放大大增加. 相似文献
993.
Temporal scaling behavior of human-caused fires and their connection to relative humidity of the atmosphere 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
It has been found that many natural systems are characterized by scaling behavior. In such systems natural factors dominate the event dynamics. But in countries with high population density such as China and Japan, more than 95% of the forest fire disasters are caused by human activities. Furthermore, with the development of society, the wildland-urban interface (WUI) area is becoming more and more populated, and the forest fire is much connected with urban fire. Therefore exploring the scaling behavior of fires dominated by human-related factors is very challenging. The present paper explores the temporal scaling behavior of forest fires and urban fires in Japan. Our findings point out that although the human factors are the main cause, both the forest fires and urban fires exhibit time-scaling behavior. Similar distribution law characterizes the relative humidity. 相似文献
994.
采用人工模拟方式,试验研究了不同pH值的降水对碱性盐化土壤中镉的连续淋滤效果,分析了淋洗后土壤中镉的形态变化特征。结果表明,在不同pH值降水对土壤中镉的淋滤过程中,12h内基本上达到高峰,12h后镉的淋滤量较低,随着时间的延续镉的淋洗量基本保持不变;降水有利于土壤中的镉释放,且pH值越低,镉的释放量越高。土壤盐化对降水淋洗镉的效果有一定影响,氯化物的存在,有利于镉的淋滤,淋滤量增加值在18%~94%之间,随着淋洗液pH值的增加,镉的淋滤量增加幅度减少;与对照组土壤样品相比,淋洗液pH降低利于增大硫酸盐型盐化土壤中镉的淋滤量,当pH值为中性时,镉的淋滤量减少;苏打型盐化土壤镉的淋洗效果与硫酸盐型土壤相似。模拟降水淋洗后,土壤中镉的形态发生明显变化,与淋洗前相比,土壤中镉的可交换态、碳酸盐结合态、有机结合态的质量分数降低,随着淋洗液酸性的增加,降低幅度增大;镉的铁锰氧化态相对质量分数在淋洗后有所增加。 相似文献
995.
碳酸化对模拟废物水泥窑共处置产品中重金属浸出的影响 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
通过模拟煅烧试验制取水泥熟料(重金属以一定的比例掺入水泥生料)并制备混凝土样品,研磨至粒径小于1mm,并使部分样品发生碳酸化作用.并分别对未碳酸化样品和碳酸化样品进行pH静态试验,研究了碳酸化作用对混凝土样品酸中和容量以及重金属(Cr,Ni,As,Cd和Pb)浸出行为的影响.结果表明,未碳酸化样品在碱性范围内(pH=7~12)酸中和容量较大,而碳酸化样品则在弱酸性范围内(pH=5~7)酸中和容量较大;碳酸化作用不影响混凝土中Cr、Ni、Cd、Pb的释放曲线的变化趋势,仅改变了浸出量最小值出现的pH值区间,但是碳酸化作用改变了混凝土中As的吸附相,使其释放曲线发生了明显的改变;碳酸化作用降低了混凝土中Cr、Ni、Cd、Pd的浸出量,但在较大pH范围内(pH=3~7和pH>11),增加了As的浸出量,因此,对混凝土中重金属溶出的安全性评价应重点关注As. 相似文献
996.
Association patterns of sailfin mollies (Poecilia latipinna): alternative hypotheses 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Caitlin Gabor 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1999,46(5):333-340
Individuals may associate with each other due to a variety of selective forces, such as intra- and intersexual selection,
and conspecific recognition. Previous studies have concluded that mate choice governs association behavior in polygynous species
of fish. I examined whether mate choice underlies the preference for larger individuals by examining preference for association
(time spent in proximity to a fish) not only between opposite-sex individuals but also between same-sex individuals of the
live-bearing sailfin molly (Poecilia latipinna). Males and females from three size classes were tested with a large and a small object fish of the same and opposite sex.
Females preferred to associate with larger over smaller males. Males also preferred to associate with larger over smaller
females, as expected. The same female and male test fish also preferred to associate with larger over smaller fish of the
same sex. Moreover, females demonstrated no significant difference in their strength of preference (large–small) when offered
males or females. The same held true for males. When males and females were subsequently tested with one large male and one
large female, females tended to prefer large males while males showed no significant preference for association based on sex.
In another experiment, females were tested with a large female and a small male, and significantly preferred the former. These
findings suggest that association patterns may have arisen under a variety of conditions, such as predation pressures, shoaling
behavior, and associative preference behavior. The assumption that association behavior is a uniformly sufficient predictor
of mate choice in fish needs to be re-examined for P. latipinna and other species.
Received: 6 November 1998 / Received in revised form: 12 May 1999 / Accepted: 12 May 1999 相似文献
997.
Steven L. Lima Patrick A. Zollner Peter A. Bednekoff 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1999,46(2):110-116
In socially feeding birds and mammals, as group size increases, individuals devote less time to scanning their environment
and more time to feeding. This vigilance “group size effect” has long been attributed to the anti-predatory benefits of group
living, but many investigators have suggested that this effect may be driven by scramble competition for limited food. We
addressed this issue of causation by focusing on the way in which the scan durations of free-living dark-eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis) decrease with group size. We were particularly interested in vigilance scanning concomitant with the handling of food items,
since a decrease in food handling times (i.e. scan durations) with increasing group size could theoretically be driven by
scramble competition for limited food resources. However, we showed that food-handling scan durations decrease with group
size in an environment with an effectively unlimited food supply. Furthermore, this food-handling effect was qualitatively
similar to that observed in the duration of standard vigilance scans (scanning exclusive of food ingestion), and both responded
to changes in the risk of predation (proximity of a refuge) as one might expect based upon anti-predator considerations. The
group size effects in both food-handling and standard scan durations may reflect a lesser need for personal information about
risk as group size increases. Scramble competition may influence vigilance in some circumstances, but demonstrating an effect
of competition beyond that of predation may prove challenging.
Received: 22 September 1998 / Received in revised form: 1 February 1999 / Accepted: 14 February 1999 相似文献
998.
Kathleen E. Hunt Thomas P. Hahn John C. Wingfield 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1999,45(5):360-369
In males of socially monogamous birds, plasma testosterone (T) typically declines to low levels during the parental phase.
Studies on multiple-brooded species indicate that high T may be incompatible with high-quality paternal care. The length of
the breeding season may affect the costs and benefits of high T and its effect on paternal care. We studied the effect of
experimentally elevated T on paternal care in a single-brooded species with a short breeding season, the Lapland longspur
(Calcarius lapponicus). We monitored T levels and parental behavior in 16 males with subcutaneous T implants, 14 males with empty implants, and
14 unimplanted males. We videotaped nests when nestlings were 2–3 days old and again at 4–5 days. T males with 2- to 3-day-old
young visited nests and fed young less often than control males, and the mates of the T males compensated with elevated visits
and feedings. However, when nestlings were 4–5 days old, T males visited their nests at normal rates – though feeding movements
remained below normal – and T females visited and fed at normal rates. Nestling mass and nest success were similar in both
groups. Overall, high T suppresses paternal care in Lapland longspur males. The partial improvement of paternal care when
nestlings are older, despite high T, may be related to the short 6-week breeding season of this arctic species, and the consequently
reduced benefits of sexual behavior late in the breeding season.
Received: 2 February 1998 / Accepted after revision: 2 November 1998 相似文献
999.
室内火灾条件下复合板装潢材料火灾特性的实验研究 总被引:12,自引:7,他引:5
运用ISO Room方法在全尺寸室内墙角火源条件下进行了复合板装潢材料火灾特性的研究,详细讨论了复合板的点燃,火焰传播和炭化物性以及室内火灾的发展过程。在墙角火源条件下,内火灾发展过程可分为四个不同阶段,而在每一发展阶段,东面和北面墙上复合板分别存在四个和三个明显不同的区域。当区域四内的复合板东面和北面墙上复合板分别存在四个和三个明显不同的区域。 相似文献
1000.