Synthesis and characterization of agricultural controllable humic acid superabsorbent

Humic acid superabsorbent polymer (P(AA/AM-HA)) and superabsorbent polymer (P(AA/AM)) were synthesized by aqueous solution polymerization method using acrylic acid (AA), acrylamide (AM) and humic acid (HA) as raw material. The effects of N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) crosslinking agent, potassium peroxydisulfate (KPS) initiator, reaction temperature, HA content, ratio of AA to AM, concentration of monomer and neutralization of AA on water absorption were investigated. Absorption and desorption ratios of nitrogen fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer were also investigated by determination of absorption and desorption ratio of NH₄⁺, PO₄^3- on P(AA/AM-HA) and P(AA/AM). The P(AA/AM-HA) and P(AA/AM) were characterized by Fourier translation infrared spectroscopy, biological photomicroscope and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The optimal conditions obtained were as follows: the weight ratio of MBA to AA and AM was 0.003; the weight ratio of KPS to AA and AM was 0.008; the weight ratio of HA to AA was 0.1; the mole ratio of AM to AA is 0.1; the mole ratio of NaOH to AA is 0.9; the reaction temperature was 60℃. P(AA/AMHA) synthesized under optimal conditions, has a good saline tolerance, its water absorbency in distilled water and 0.9 wt.% saline solution is 1180 g/g and 110 g/g, respectively. P(AA/AM-HA) achieves half saturation in 6.5 min. P(AA/AM-HA) is superior to P(AA/AM) on absorption of NH₄⁺, PO₄^3-. The SEM micrograph of P(AA/AM-HA) shows a fine alveolate structure. The biological optical microscope micrograph of P(AA/AM-HA) shows a network structure. Graft polymerization between P(AA/AM) and HA was demonstrated by infrared spectrum. The P(AA/AM-HA) superabsorbent has better absorbing ability of water and fertilizer, electrolytic tolerance and fewer cost than P(AA/AM) superabsorbent.     

Effects of seawater salinity on nitrite accumulation in short-range nitrification to nitrite as end product

The effect of seawater salinity on nitrite accumulation in short-range nitrification to nitrite as the end product was studied by using a SBR. Experimental results indicated that the growth of nitrobacteria was inhibited and very high levels of nitrite accumulation at different salinities were achieved under the conditions of 25--28℃, pH 7.5--8.0, and the influent ammonia nitrogen of 40--70mg/L when seawater flow used to flush toilet was less than 35% (salinity 12393 mg/L, Cl^- 6778mg/L) of total domestic wastewater flow, which is mainly ascribed to much high chlorine concentration of seawater. Results showed that high seawater salinity is available for short-range nitrification to nitrite as the end product. When the seawater flow used to flush toilet accounting for above 70% of the total domestic wastewater flow, the removal efficiency of ammonia was still above 80% despite the removal of organics declined obviously(less than 60% ). It was found that the effect of seawater salinity on the removal of organics was negative rather than positive one as shown for ammonia removal.     

废水反硝化除磷技术应用研究进展

废水的反硝化除磷技术作为生物除磷的一个新思路,因其能够解决废水处理工艺运行中碳源不足、污泥产量大和好氧阶段曝气能耗大等问题,受到环境保护领域的关注。文章对反硝化除磷的机理、影响因素、现有工艺及研究现状作了综述,并对反硝化除磷技术未来发展作了展望。认为今后研究重点应集中在以下几个方面：①对DPBs有更全面的认识,富集和筛选更多高效的DPBs菌株;②在理论研究的基础上开发更多的反硝化除磷工艺,并将其应用于工程实践。     

系列混合碳源在EBPR系统颗粒化进程中的影响研究

在SBR反应器中接种富含聚磷菌的活性污泥,以一系列不同比例的丙酸与乙酸混合为碳源条件,进行了EBPR系统颗粒化培养,考察了混合碳源中丙酸所占质量分数(以COD质量浓度计)的提高对EBPR系统颗粒化进程中颗粒粒径生长、污泥沉降性能、系统除磷效率等宏观特性的影响规律.结果表明,EBPR系统污泥颗粒生长速率随碳源中丙酸所占质量分数的增加而提高;碳源中丙酸所占质量分数较高的反应器污泥SVI值相对较高.经90 d培养,碳源中丙酸所占质量分数分别为0%、25%、50%、75%及100%的系统中成熟颗粒体积平均粒径分别为550.64、599.41、642.38、680.99和745.08μm,污泥SVI值分别稳定在30、40、50、60及75 mL.g-1左右.在相同的磷处理负荷下,各试验系统除磷性能产生了显著性差异.0%、25%、50%、75%及100%丙酸碳源系统平均净除磷能力(以MLSS计)分别为0.78、2.29、2.96、3.23及3.77 mg.g-1,平均除磷效率分别为31.5%、56.5%、77.4%、85.9%及97.0%.     

制药行业VOCs排放组分特征及其排放因子研究

为研究制药行业产品工艺过程的挥发性有机物（VOCs）排放特征,以华东地区某工业园区的两家化学合成类制药企业为研究对象,采集并分析了来自不同生产线和生产环节的VOCs样品.结果表明,同行业不同企业、同企业不同车间的VOCs排放特征差异显著,基于获得的产品生产线不同环节的VOCs排放特征,结合产品工艺流程,推测排放的VOCs组分主要与原料和生产工序有关;处理设施对不同VOCs组分的脱除效率也存在明显差别,RTO对不同VOCs种类的处理效率由高至低依次为OVOCs（80.5%）、芳香烃（72.7%）、烷烯烃（68.3%）和卤代烃（66.1%）;根据浓度测试结果,计算得到48种VOCs的排放量和排放因子,制药企业A和B的VOCs排放总量分别为14.2 t·a^-1和0.4 t·a^-1,均以卤代烃占比最大,分别为56.1%和48.2%.     

两段式进水两级矿化垃圾反应器处理中晚期垃圾渗滤液

针对矿化垃圾反应器处理中晚期垃圾渗滤液时由于反硝化区缺少碳源而导致总氮去除率不佳的问题,开展以优先利用原水中的有机物充当碳源为目的的两段式进水两级矿化垃圾反应器处理工艺的研究。通过控制反应器的曝气量、好氧区和反硝化区,研究了两段式进水两级矿化垃圾反应器处理垃圾渗滤液的效果。结果表明,当进水渗滤液水力负荷为46.0 L/(m~3·d)时,在第一级反应器底部曝气量为1.86 m~3/(m~3·d),第二级反应器中上部曝气量为0.37 m~3/(m~3·d)的条件下,COD、NH_4~+-N、TP的平均去除率分别为84.1%、92.6%、85.6%,运行稳定后TN平均去除率达76.0%,处理效果较好。     

EBPR中两类细菌PAOs和GAOs竞争的研究进展

强化生物除磷(EBPR)工艺可以获取高效的除磷效果,已在很多污水处理厂得到广泛应用。但是大型污水处理厂在相当多的条件下,EBPR工艺也会出现周期性除磷效果的波动和不充分。针对这一难题,研究者试图采用许多手段来研究工艺中的主要微生物。文章针对典型的EBPR工艺和碳源、pH值、温度等因素对EBPR工艺中两类细菌聚磷菌(PAOs)和聚糖菌(GAOs)竞争的研究进展进行了论述,并展望了未来的研究方向。     

曝气生物滤池中的亚硝酸盐积累及其影响因子

通过模型试验研究了曝气生物滤池脱氮过程中的亚硝酸盐积累现象,考察了运行条件对亚硝酸盐积累的影响.试验结果表明,曝气生物滤池在滤速1～2m/h、气水比3:1、水温20.5℃～26.5℃、进水氨氮负荷0.26～0.62kg/(m³·d)、总氮负荷0.28～0.63kg/(m³³·d)和0.18～0.42kg/(m³·d)反应器内反应液和处理水连续监测结果、反应器内含氮化合物空间分布分析以及微生物数量及活性测定结果表明,反应器中出现了明显的亚硝酸盐积累现象,表现出显著的短程硝化反硝化特征.初步分析探讨了亚硝酸盐积累的形成机理和运行条件对亚硝酸盐积累的影响,认为反冲洗过程是最主要的影响因素,而曝气生物滤池的结构特征和运行方式是其能够出现亚硝酸盐积累,并进行短程硝化反硝化脱氮的主要原因.     

Study on the removal of NOx from simulated flue gas using acidic NaClO2 solution

The study on the removal of NOx from simulated flue gas has been carded out in a lab-scale bubbling reactor using acidic solutions of sodium chlorite. Experiments were performed at various pH values and inlet NO concentrations in the absence or presence of SO2 gas at 45℃. The effect of SO2 on NO oxidation and NO2 absorption was critically examined. The oxidative ability of sodium chlorite was investigated at different pH values and it was found to be a better oxidant at a pH less than 4. In acidic medium, sodium chlorite decomposed into C102 gas, which is believed to participate in NO oxidation as well as in NO2 absorption. A plausible NOx removal mechanism using acidic sodium chlorite solution has been postulated. A maximum NOx removal efficiency of about 81% has been achieved.     

氯化镧改性黏土固化湖泊底泥中磷的研究

用氯化镧对14种黏土进行改性并研究了这些改性黏土固化磷的效果.研究了pH对改性高岭土磷吸附率和镧离子溶出的影响.结果表明,通过氯化镧改性,不同黏土的磷固定率由改性前的3%～14%提高到改性后的52%～95%.氯化镧改性高岭土在pH为5时,达到磷吸附率的最大值94.85%,并在pH值4～8范围内,保持较高的磷吸附率（>80%）.在pH>6.5的范围,La³⁺溶出浓度低于0.0178 mg/L.