Seasonal and particle size-dependent variations in gas/particle partitioning of PCDD/Fs

This study monitored particle size-dependent variations in atmospheric polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). Two gas/particle partitioning models, the subcooled liquid vapor pressure (P(L)(0)) and the octanol-air partition coefficient (K(OA)) model, were applied to each particle sizes. The regression coefficients of each fraction against the gas/particle partition coefficient (K(P)) were similar for separated particles within the same sample set but differed for particles collected during different periods. Gas/particle partitioning calculated from the integral of fractions was similar to that of size-segregated particles and previously measured bulk values. Despite the different behaviors and production mechanisms of atmospheric particles of different sizes, PCDD/F partitioning of each size range was controlled by meteorological conditions such as atmospheric temperature, O(3) and UV, which reflects no source related with certain particle size ranges but mixed urban sources within this city. Our observations emphasize that when assessing environmental and health effects, the movement of PCDD/Fs in air should be considered in conjunction with particle size in addition to the bulk aerosol.     

Protection of ash (Fraxinus excelsior) trees from ozone injury by ethylenediurea (EDU): roles of biochemical changes and decreased stomatal conductance in enhancement of growth

Treatments with ethylenediurea (EDU) protect plants from ozone foliar injury, but the processes underlying this protection are poorly understood. Adult ash trees (Fraxinus excelsior), with or without foliar ozone symptoms in previous years, were treated with EDU at 450ppm by gravitational trunk infusion in May-September 2005 (32.5ppmh AOT40). At 30-day intervals, shoot growth, gas exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence, and water potential were determined. In September, several biochemical parameters were measured. The protective influence of EDU was supported by enhancement in the number of leaflets. EDU did not contribute its nitrogen to leaf tissue as a fertiliser, as determined from lack of difference in foliar N between treatments. Both biochemical (increase in ascorbate-peroxidase and ascorbic acid, and decrease in apoplastic hydrogen peroxide) and biophysical (decrease in stomatal conductance) processes regulated EDU action. As total ascorbic acid increased only in the asymptomatic trees, its role in alleviating O(3) effects on leaf growth and visible injury is controversial.     

Seasonal and Inter-Annual Variations in Methyl Mercury Concentrations in Zooplankton from Boreal Lakes Impacted by Deforestation or Natural Forest Fires

We compared the effects of natural and anthropogenic watershed disturbances on methyl mercury (MeHg) concentration in bulk zooplankton from boreal Shield lakes. MeHg in zooplankton was monitored for three years in nine lakes impacted by deforestation, in nine lakes impacted by wildfire, and in twenty lakes with undisturbed catchments. Lakes were sampled during spring, mid- and late summer. MeHg in zooplankton showed a seasonal trend: concentrations were the lowest in spring, then peaked in mid-summer and decreased in late summer. Over the three study years, MeHg concentrations observed in mid-summer in zooplankton from forest harvested lakes were significantly higher than in reference and fire-impacted lakes, whereas differences between these two groups of lakes were not significant. The pattern of distribution of MeHg in zooplankton during the different seasons paralleled that of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), which is known as a vector of Hg from watershed soils to lake water. Besides DOC, MeHg in zooplankton also showed a positive significant correlation with epilimnetic temperature and sulfate concentrations. An inter-annual decreasing trend in MeHg was observed in zooplankton from reference and fire-impacted lakes. In forest harvested lakes, however, MeHg concentrations remained higher and nearly constant over three years following the impact. Overall these results indicate that the MeHg pulse observed in zooplankton following deforestation by harvesting is relatively long-lived, and may have repercussions to the accumulation of MeHg along the food chain. Therefore, potential effects of deforestation on the Hg contamination of fish should be taken into account in forest management practices.     

Monitoring the formation of trihalomethanes in the effluents from a shrimp hatchery

Formation of trihalomethanes (THM) was monitored at the Laboratório de Camarões Marinhos (LCM) from the Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. THM could be present because chlorinated effluents from disinfection are discharged from the different hatchery rooms. THM quantification was done through an analytical methodology using Purge&;Trap coupled with a gas chromatograph equipped with an electron capture detector. Relative standard deviation (RSD), limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for the methodology corresponded to the ranges of 8–17%; 0.01–0.03 μg L^?1 and 0.03–0.08 μg L^?1, respectively. Linear working range was of 0.1–8.0 μg L^?1 for all compounds. Enrichment and recovery method was applied to evaluate possible matrix effects and the results varied from 71.2% to 107.9%. LCM was monitored between August and December, 2004. This study showed that THM did not increase with the increase in postlarvae production and also that the aquatic life and the surrounding environment were not affected.     

气相色谱法测定水质中的内吸磷

优化了气相色谱法测定水质中的内吸磷,当取样量为100 m L时,内吸磷-O方法检出限为0. 30μg/L,测定下限为1. 20μg/L;内吸磷-S方法检出限为0. 80μg/L,测定下限为3. 20μg/L。内吸磷-O和内吸磷-S标准曲线线性良好,相关系数分别为0. 999 2和0. 999 8。不同水质中内吸磷-O的加标回收率为90. 3%～104%,相对标准偏差为3. 6%～9. 2%;内吸磷-S的加标回收率为92. 1%～94. 9%,相对标准偏差为4. 6%～8. 7%。该方法灵敏度高,能有效分离内吸磷-O和内吸磷-S,同时能将内吸磷-O、内吸磷-S与其他有机磷农药类干扰物分离。     

ASE-气相色谱法测定油田区土壤中多种石油烃

采用气相色谱法测定油田区土壤中C_(10)～C_(40)的石油烃,通过优化加速溶剂萃取的条件,使方法在62 mg/L～3 100 mg/L范围内线性良好,方法检出限为4.8 mg/kg。用该方法测定石油区短期、中期、长期油井污染土壤样品,5次测定结果的RSD为1.3%～5.2%,加标回收率为84.8%～98.5%,有证标准样品测定结果在可信区间内。     

气相色谱法测定土壤中37种有机磷农药残留

采用气相色谱法测定土壤中37种有机磷农药,当取样量为10 g时,37种有机磷农药方法检出限为0. 002～0. 015 mg/kg,测定下限为0. 008～0. 060 mg/kg。低含量加标样品中有机磷农药的加标回收率为72. 8%～104%,相对标准偏差为4. 2%～13. 8%;中含量加标样品中有机磷农药的加标回收率为71. 5%～101%,相对标准偏差为4. 3%～13. 5%;高含量加标样品中有机磷农药的加标回收率为74. 6%～109%,相对标准偏差为6. 8%～14. 6%。该方法灵敏度高、分离效果好、重现性好,能够满足土壤中37种有机磷农药残留检测的要求。     

污泥投配率对污泥中温厌氧消化效果影响的试验研究

试验装置采用半连续流污泥中温厌氧消化反应器,污泥培养接近成熟后开始每天按不同污泥投配率加泥和排泥.结果表明:污泥投配率在3%～10%时,有机物分解率先增大后减小,去除率均在30%以上;污泥投配率在15%和20%时,污泥的有机物去除率非常小;污泥投配率在5%时,有机物分解率最大为41.2%;单位VSS产气量随污泥投配率的增大而呈先急剧上升后逐渐下降的趋势,当污泥投配率为5%时,单位VSS产气量为0.60 L/g,符合美国污水处理厂设计手册标准,其他污泥投配率下该指标均小于0.4 L/g.因此,认为实验用污泥中温消化的最佳污泥投配率为5%,这时污泥的可消化性较好.     

气相色谱法测定空气和废气中8种烃类化合物

建立了针筒采样、大口径毛细管柱分离、气相色谱-氢火焰离子化检测器测定空气和废气中甲烷、乙烷、乙烯、乙炔、丙烷、异丁烷、正丁烷和正戊烷等8种烃类化合物的方法.优化了试验条件,方法线性良好,甲烷、乙烯、乙炔、乙烷、丙烷、异丁烷、正丁烷和正戊烷的检出限分别为0.09 mg/m3、0.20 mg/m3、0.18 mg/m3、0.29 mg/m3、0.28 mg/m3、0.37 mg/m3、0.16 mg/m3和0.56 mg/m3,RSD＜8.0%,加标回收率为80.5%～104%.     

上悬窗条件下通风控制腔室火灾温度的实验研究

随着建筑结构的发展,上悬窗日益成为城市建筑窗户的选择,但这种通风条件下腔室火灾的发展特性仍缺乏研究.利用1:8相似比例的缩尺寸腔室火灾实验台,实验研究了上悬窗不同开口尺寸、不同开窗角度下,通风控制的腔室火灾温度发展特性.实验结果表明,通风控制条件下,腔室火灾温度随着上悬窗开口尺寸和开窗角度的增加而增加,并通过能量平衡分...