微生物燃料电池电活化过硫酸盐降解甲基橙偶氮染料

为研究MFC（微生物燃料电池）产生电能活化PDS（过硫酸盐）对偶氮染料的降解能力,以MO（甲基橙）为目标污染物,探讨pH、c（PDS）、初始c（MO）、无机阴离子等对MO降解的影响及降解机理.结果表明:①当pH为3~5时,MO降解率随pH降低而升高;当pH低于3时,MO降解率随pH的降低而降低;MO降解率随初始c（MO）的增大而降低.当c（PDS）为1~2 mmol/L时,MO降解率随c（PDS）增加而增大;当c（PDS）超过2 mmol/L后呈减小趋势.②最佳反应条件[pH为3、初始c（MO）为0.10 mmol/L、c（PDS）为2 mmol/L]下,反应4 h后MO降解率可达86.5%.③无机阴离子HCO₃-、NO₃-、CO₃2-对MO降解存在抑制作用,当阴离子投加量为10 mmol/L时,降解率分别为64.2%、68.8%、76.1%,而Cl-对MO降解无显著影响.④淬灭试验表明,体系的主要活性物质为SO₄-·及少量·OH.⑤通过紫外-可见光谱扫描,依据MO结构与特征吸收峰的关系,推测MO降解途径,即MO发色基团偶氮双键断裂,生成含苯环类中间产物,最终矿化为CO₂和H₂O.研究显示,MFC能有效活化PDS产生SO₄-·,对偶氮染料有较好的降解和矿化效果.      

Fe/污泥基生物炭持久活化过硫酸盐降解酸性橙G

利用污泥基生物炭（SDBC）固定铁物质制备了一种污泥基非均相催化剂（Fe-SDBC）,用于活化过硫酸盐（PS）以降解酸性橙G（OG）.Fe-SDBC/PS体系显示出对OG优异的降解性能.评价了影响降解的因素（Fe-SDBC金属负载量、Fe-SDBC投加量、初始pH值和PS浓度）.并通过X射线荧光光谱仪（XRF）、傅立叶变换红外分析仪（FT-IR）和拉曼光谱仪（Raman）对Fe-SDBC进行了表征.自由基清除剂实验表明,SO₄^·-和OH·自由基均在降解过程中生成,且活化PS历程主要发生在非均质催化剂表面.分析Fe-SDBC活化PS的潜在机理,表明不同形式的铁物质是PS分解的主要贡献者,Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺的转化循环提高了Fe-SDBC持久活化PS的效果.Fe-SDBC循环实验表明其对活化PS具有较好的可重用性,连续3次24h降解高浓度污染物仍能发挥作用.综上所述,Fe-SDBC作为一种污泥基非均相催化剂可以持久活化PS,从而实现OG的降解.     

载银施氏矿物的制备及其对甲基橙的催化还原降解

采用硼氢化钠还原方法制备了不同载银量的银纳米粒子/施氏矿物复合催化剂（AgNPs/Sch）,利用扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线能谱（EDS）和X射线衍射（XRD）等测试方法对所制备催化剂的表面形貌、元素组成和物相组成进行了表征,证明了Ag成功负载于施氏矿物上.以甲基橙为目标污染物,硼氢化钠为还原剂,考察了不同载银量施氏矿物对甲基橙的催化降解性能,并探究了载银施氏矿物的投加量、硼氢化钠浓度、 甲基橙初始浓度、溶液初始pH等因素对甲基橙的催化还原降解效果的影响.结果表明,在甲基橙浓度为20 mg?L^-1、NaBH₄浓度为10 mmol?L^-1、初始pH=6条件下,反应90 min后,未载银的施氏矿物对甲基橙的降解率仅为7.5%,然而硝酸银添加量为0.10 g制备的AgNPs/Sch对甲基橙的降解率可达97.0%,该催化剂作为电子介质,能够将电子从还原剂（NaBH₄）转移到甲基橙中,进而加速甲基橙的降解.AgNPs/Sch在最佳的实验条件下5次循环性反应后,仍具有较高的催化稳定性.由此可见,载银施氏矿物作为一种新型的催化剂,在有机染料废水净化方面具有良好的应用前景.     

改性钛基PbO2电极对有机污染物的降解性能——以甲基橙和4-硝基苯酚为例

采用溶胶-凝胶法和电化学沉积法制备了Ti/SnO₂-Sb/Ce-PbO₂电极,并对制备的电极表面形貌、晶体结构和电化学性能进行了分析,进一步探究了该电极对甲基橙和4-硝基苯酚的降解效果.结果表明,由Ce改性的Ti/SnO₂-Sb/Ce-PbO₂电极具有稳定的结构和更好的电化学活性,析氧电位可达1.56V.在电极间距为2cm,电流密度为30mA/cm²,目标污染物的浓度为100mg/L,电解质浓度为0.10mol/L时,作用120min后,Ti/SnO₂-Sb/Ce-PbO₂电极对甲基橙和4-硝基苯酚的降解率分别达到了99.59%和96.16%,180min后TOC的去除率分别达到了56.71%和54.87%,研究结果为该电极降解有机污染物提供了一定的技术支撑.     

油酸铵改性的高活性TiO2/V-TiO2复合光催化剂的制备及光催化降解甲基橙的研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法,将经过油酸铵改性的掺钒二氧化钛粉末投入到纯TiO2溶胶中,烘干、煅烧,制得带有n-n异质结半导体结构的复合型高活性掺钒二氧化钛光催化剂,并通过XRD、TEM、XPS等技术对样品进行了表征。通过对甲基橙溶液的光催化降解实验来考察TiO2/V-TiO2催化剂的光催化活性。结果表明：TiO2/V-TiO2复合催化剂拥有比纯TiO2更高的光催化活性。其中,V的掺杂摩尔分数为0.5%、TiO2：V-TiO2的质量比为10∶1的最佳复合催化剂,其光催化活性是纯TiO2的5.1倍。     

Pt掺杂TiO2纳米粉体的制备及其光催化活性研究

以钛酸丁酯为前驱物,醋酸为酸催化剂,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备掺有不同质量分数Pt的纳米TiO2粉体.通过X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等现代分析手段对所制备的不同Pt/TiO2纳米粉体的微观结构进行了表征.并以甲基橙染料的光催化降解为模型反应,考察了不同条件下所制备的光催化剂的光催化活性,探讨了纳米粉体中Pt的掺杂量对其光催化活性的影响.实验结果表明,Pt质量分数为0.2%的纳米TiO2粉体的光催化活性最好,过低或者过高的掺Pt量无法提高TiO2的光催化活性,甚至会降低TiO2的光催化活性.     

Comparison of inherent safety indices in process concept evaluation

In conceptual design, process routes can be compared and ranked by using inherent safety indices. In this paper, some inherent safety index methods presented in literature are compared and their properties and limitations discussed. As a case study, an inherent safety evaluation of methyl methacrylate process routes is presented. Three index based inherent safety evaluation methods are compared with expert evaluations on methyl methacrylate process routes and their subprocesses. Also the index based inherent safety ranking of process routes is compared with an expert ranking.     

The Bhopal gas tragedy—A perspective

We, the then Mayor and Chief of Police of Bhopal, were the two people on whom the responsibility of handling the world's worst industrial disaster fell unceremoniously on the cold night of December 2–3, 1984 when 41 tons of MIC gas was released from the Union Carbide plant in Bhopal. With the company initially in denial mode about the release and then calling it a ‘tear-gas’ type and providing no information on antidote, and with the limited means of evacuation, handling of medical emergency affecting hundreds of thousand, identification and disposal of the thousands of dead, it was probably the most challenging task faced by a duo in peace time. The local people, the medical community, the railway staff, the NGOs, were all very helpful. We narrate the happening and the handling of the consequences and the spot decisions that had to be made with the hope that no such accident happens anywhere.     

Comparative observations on levels of mercury in scalp hair of humans from different Islands

Following the Minamata events, an extraordinary number of studies concerning mercury toxicity and human health have been undertaken. Particular attention has been given to the evaluation of the dose-response relationship, i.e., the body burden at which (evaluated through the mercury analyses in blood or hair) the risk of poisoning begins. The results of a comparative study concerning levels of mercury in the hair of fishermen living in small islands who eat seafood more than four times per week show that in two areas only, and only in a few cases in these areas, the mercury in the hair exceeds the limit at which a possible risk could exist. In fact, the limit of 50 mg/g of total mercury in the hair (indicated as the lower limit above which a possible risk could occur) is surpassed by nine fishermen out of a total of 39 at station 1 and by four fishermen out of a total of 26 at station 3. The average value at station 1 is 36.38 mg/g and that at station 3 is 30.31 mg. Many countries have set legal limits of mercury for seafood, but evidently the system does not offer a true protection for man. Only the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI), as repeatedly suggested by WHO, should be considered the best guideline to prevent possibly harmful consequences.     

活性炭负载纳米TiO_2电催化氧化处理染料废水

用溶胶凝胶—动态吸附法制备颗粒活性炭(GAC)负载纳米二氧化钛(TiO2)催化剂,以甲基橙的脱色率为考察指标,研究TiO2/GAC电催化反应体系对甲基橙染料废水的电催化氧化性能。实验结果表明,在甲基橙废水pH为4,TiO2/GAC催化剂用量为0.5g,Fe2+浓度为250mg/L,电解电压为16V时,电催化氧化30min的条件下,甲基橙脱色率达99.2%,COD去除率达93.1%。