预处理后生物成因施氏矿物的矿物学特征及对As(Ⅲ)吸附的影响

生物成因施氏矿物虽然在吸附As(Ⅲ)能力上表现出较其它吸附剂更为优越的吸附性能,但其制备过程中细菌分泌的多糖类物质使得矿物颗粒间存在明显的团聚现象.本研究通过比较不同预处理方法对施氏矿物矿物学特征及吸附性能的影响,寻求一种最佳的矿物预处理方法,以期进一步改善矿物颗粒团聚现象和提高对As(Ⅲ)吸附能力.采用NaOH、NaCl、200℃灼烧及乙醇-超声方法对施氏矿物进行预处理,结果表明,处理后矿物的矿相均未发生变化,但其理化性质随处理方式的不同差异较大,矿物比表面积、Fe/S摩尔比、SEM图谱、As(Ⅲ)吸附性能与原始矿物相比均发生了明显的变化.经pH 12NaOH处理后矿物的吸附性能最佳,在室温下最大吸附量从原来的101.9 mg.g-1增加到143.3 mg.g-1,比表面积从原来的45.63 m2.g-1增加到325.18 m2.g-1,矿物干燥时团聚现象明显减弱.     

电厂烟气对采空区防火效果实验研究

为考察电厂烟气对采空区防灭火效果的影响,采用吸附实验装置和热重分析仪开展了不同气体氛围下煤吸附O2的实验研究,研究了不同气氛下煤的着火活化能。结果表明:将惰性气体N2和烟气注入井下,均可有效地减小常温常压下煤对氧气的吸附量,即具有抑制煤自燃氧化反应的作用。其中,烟气对减小煤吸附氧气量的效果优于N2,使同忻矿和高海矿煤样吸附氧气量分别减少了27%和35%。TG实验数据表明,煤样在烟气氛围下燃烧时低温氧化阶段的增重率略小于在空气氛围下燃烧时的增重率,而其着火点大于在空气氛围下燃烧时的着火点。同时,发现煤样在烟气中燃烧时的着火活化能大于在空气中燃烧时的着火活化能,说明煤在烟气氛围下燃烧时对O2的吸附量变小,活化能增大,增加了煤自燃的困难程度。     

Removal of Eu3+, Ce3+, Sr2+, and Cs+ ions from radioactive waste solutions by modified activated carbon prepared from coconut shells

As a biomass agricultural waste material, coconut shells were used for the preparation of high-quality modified activated carbon. Chemical modification of the surface of the prepared activated carbon is done by oxidation using H₂O₂ and HNO₃, respectively. The surface area and pore volume of the coconut shells activated carbon are increased by the chemical modification, and followingly the removal of the metals is improved. The structural morphology and composition of the modified activated carbon coconut shells (MACCS) were evaluated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, thermogravimetric analysis–differential thermal analysis (TGA-DTA), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), surface area analysis (SAA), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur (CHNS) elemental analysis. The prepared MACCS has reasonably good chemical stability. The influence of solution pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage, adsorption temperature, initial metal concentrations, and interfering ions on the adsorption performance of the investigated ions onto the prepared sorbent was examined by a batch method. The selectivity sequence for sorption of Eu³⁺, Ce³⁺, Sr²⁺, and Cs⁺ ions on MACCS was found to be Eu^3+?>?Ce^3+?>?Sr^2+?>?Cs⁺. The saturation capacities of MACCS for the studied metal ions were found to be 136.84, 85.55, 69.85, and 60.00?mg?g^?1 for Eu³⁺, Ce³⁺, Sr²⁺, and Cs⁺ ions, respectively. The thermodynamic parameters, ΔH°, ΔS°, and ΔG° were also evaluated.     

左氧氟沙星在蒙脱石存在条件下对大肠杆菌的毒性效应

采用批实验研究了蒙脱石对左氧氟沙星的吸附机理及对左氧氟沙星抗菌作用的影响。结果表明,中性条件下存在培养基时,左氧氟沙星在蒙脱石上前2 h即达到吸附平衡,吸附等温线符合Langmuir吸附方程,吸附率达90%以上;蒙脱石吸附左氧氟沙星存在阳离子交换作用、氢键作用、疏水作用、阳离子键桥作用、静电吸附作用等物理化学过程;蒙脱石本身不具有抑菌、杀菌活性,且由于蒙脱石增大了微生物附着的比表面积,在特定情况下可以促进微生物的生长;扣除其对微生物生长的促进作用后,蒙脱石吸附左氧氟沙星降低了后者的毒性效应,其抑菌率降低约25%。上述结果为进一步研究抗生素在环境中的毒理效应提供了基础依据。     

The prediction of adsorption isotherms of ester vapors on hypercrosslinked polymeric adsorbent

Adsorption isotherms of methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, isopropyl acetate and ethyl propionate on hypercrosslinked polymeric resin (ND- 100) were measured at 303K, 318K and 333K,respectively, and well fitted by Dubinin–Astakhov (DA) equation. The plots of the adsorbed volume (q _v ) versus the adsorption potential (ε) at three different temperatures all fell basically onto one single curve for every ester. A predicted model based on DA equation was obtained on the basis of adsorption equilibrium data of methyl acetate, ethyl acetate and ethyl propionate at 318K. The model equation successfully predicted the adsorption isotherms of methyl acetate, ethyl acetate and ethyl propionate on ND-100 at 303K, and 333K, and also gave accurate predictive results for adsorption isotherms of the other two ester compounds (propyl acetate and isopropyl acetate) on ND-100 at 303K, 318K and 333K. The results proved the effectiveness of DA model for predicting the adsorption isotherms of ester compounds onto ND-100. In addition, the relationship between physico-chemical properties of adsorbates and their adsorption properties was also investigated. The results showed that molecular weight, molar volume and molar polarizability had good linear correlations with the parameter E (which represents adsorption characteristic energy) of DA equation.     

改性核桃壳对石油烃类物质的吸附试验研究

为了研究改性制备核桃壳对石油烃吸附程度,以化学改性制备核桃壳为吸附剂,考察了溶液p H值、时间和温度对改性核桃壳吸附石油烃效果的影响。结果表明:当温度为298 K,p H为7.0,0.2 g改性核桃壳吸附处理100 m L浓度为60 mg/L的柴油溶液,80 min后吸附量最大,可达到12.57 mg/g。该吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程,其相关系数达到0.9999。在3种温度(298,308,318 K)条件下的吸附等温曲线更符合Freundlich模型。通过热力学计算证实,该吸附过程是吸热的、自发的过程,一定程度上的升温有助于石油烃的吸附。     

TiO2@酵母微球吸附废水中的荧光增白剂-VBL及再生研究

采用静电自组装的方法制备出具有草莓结构的TiO2@酵母微球作为吸附材料,对阴离子型荧光增白剂-VBL(FWA-VBL)废水进行吸附研究,考察了溶液pH、溶液初始浓度和TiO2@酵母投加量对吸附效果的影响.结果表明,酸性条件有利于TiO2@酵母微球对FWA-VBL的吸附,平衡吸附量随着溶液初始浓度的增加而增加,随着TiO2@酵母微球投加量的增加而减小.TiO2@酵母对FWA-VBL的吸附行为更加符合Langmuir等温模型,在温度为323.15K下最大吸附量为167.50mg/g; 吸附动力学符合二级动力学方程; 热力学参数表明吸附过程是自发的吸热过程.归因于光催化-吸附耦合效应,TiO2@酵母微球展现出了良好的原位再生能力.H2O2的添加有助于提高TiO2@酵母微球的再生性能.     

活性炭对非离子型表面活性剂中菲的吸附效能

为研究表面活性物质与疏水有机物的分离效能,以TX100(曲拉通100)为代表性的非离子型表面活性剂,以PHE(菲)为代表性的多环芳烃,使用活性炭对二者共存体系进行静态吸附和固定床吸附. 静态吸附结果表明,活性炭对TX100和PHE的吸附均满足Langmuir等温吸附模型和准二阶动力学模型,吸附量分别为437.31和58.86 mg/g. 固定床吸附时,对应于14.7 cm的活性炭柱高,PHE穿透10%和TX100穿透90%的时间分别是420和270 min,从BDST(bed depth service time)模型中可以得到TX100传质区长度小于PHE,这为二者分离提供了条件. 通过活性炭固定床吸附可以在回收90%TX100的同时去除90%PHE,说明吸附法是一种回收表面活性剂的有效方法. 利用微波法再生活性炭,可使购置活性炭的成本降低4/5,进一步提高了回收法的经济性和可行性. 研究表明,活性炭吸附是一种可用于土壤洗涤工艺中回收表面活性剂的有效方法.      

坡缕石黏土污泥对水相中亚甲基蓝吸附研究

利用坡缕石黏土污泥(从木质素磺酸钠废水中得到)和酸化的坡缕石黏土(1mol/L盐酸)作为吸附剂对水相中的亚甲基蓝进行吸附研究,并利用透射电镜(TEM)、红外光谱(FT-IR)、X-射线衍射(XRD)及Zeta电位分析对两种吸附剂的结构及表面电性进行了表征.结果表明:当吸附剂用量为10mg,温度为30℃时,1mol/L盐酸酸化的坡缕石黏土最大吸附量为97.50mg/g,坡缕石黏土污泥最大吸附量为98.7mg/g.选取坡缕石黏土污泥作为最佳吸附剂,对污泥吸附亚甲基蓝的吸附等温线、吸附热力学及吸附动力学模型进行了研究,结果显示:此吸附过程为自发吸热过程,吸附等温线更符合Langmuir模型,吸附动力学符合准二级动力学模型.     

脱硫石膏基羟基磷灰石对Cu2+吸附性能的研究

以燃煤电厂废弃物脱硫石膏(FGD)为主要原料,利用水热合成法制备羟基磷灰石(FGD-HA),利用XRD和SEM对FGD-HA的物相组成和微观形貌进行了分析和观察.通过静态吸附实验研究了吸附动力学、吸附等温线以及吸附热力学.结果表明,伪二级动力学模型相关系数为0.9998,是描述FGD-HA吸附Cu2+的最佳动力学模型,Cu2+在FGD-HA上的吸附平衡符合Langmuir等温线模型(R2=0.9846),热力学表明此吸附是自发吸热的过程.利用响应面分析法对Cu2+的吸附条件进行优化,得出投加量3.11g/L、pH值4.96、温度22.09℃、Cu2+初始浓度24.75mg/L为最佳吸附条件,此条件下Cu2+去除率预测值为100%,相同条件下开展的验证实验结果为97.4%,与预测值相接近说明模型的选择是实际可行的.