一株好氧反硝化菌的反硝化性能研究

从长期运行的生物滤塔中筛选出一株好氧反硝化菌株A1,经鉴定为恶臭假单胞菌Pseudomonas putida。文章目的是对A1的反硝化特性进行研究,结果表明A1菌株在好氧条件下能有效去除培养液中的硝酸盐氮,24h脱氮率可达到94.84%。C/N对菌株A1的好氧反硝化能力有很大影响,当C/N>5时,基本能够进行完全的反硝化。和其他已报道的好氧反硝化菌相比,A1菌株有着更高的氧耐受浓度。菌株A1能够以硝酸盐或亚硝酸盐和氧气为电子受体进行协同呼吸,硝酸盐呼吸和亚硝酸盐呼吸都具有较高的脱氮效率,并且亚硝酸盐呼吸要较硝酸盐呼吸更容易进行。以丁二酸盐、葡萄糖和乙酸盐作为碳源时,其脱氮效果均要明显好于乙醇作为碳源。     

污泥好氧颗粒化过程中氨氧化菌群结构的演替与分析

为了揭示颗粒污泥形成过程中氨氧化菌(AOB)群落结构的演替规律,利用变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)、克隆测序和实时定量聚合酶链式反应(real-time PCR)等分子生物学技术对AOB群落的演替进行了研究。DGGE结果表明,污泥接种驯化期,AOB群结构的变化较为剧烈,在外加选择压的作用下,种群多样性迅速下降;但随着污泥颗粒化的完成而趋于稳定。测序结果表明,接种污泥中的大多数亚硝化单胞菌属因可快速适应工艺的淘洗过程而被保留在系统内,而亚硝化螺菌属逐渐被淘汰。real-time PCR结果表明,在经历了运行初期的淘洗后,AOB含量随着污泥浓度的提高而逐渐增长;但污泥的氨氧化活性随着污泥浓度的增长而降低。     

地下水中病原菌及其快速检测技术研究进展

全世界尤其在发展中国家由地下水病原菌导致的环境安全问题日益频发,成为影响人群健康的重要因素。传统的病原菌检测技术存在费时、灵敏度低以及难以准确定量等问题,无法满足对地下水中种类日益增多的病原菌的有效监测。近年来,地下水中病原菌检测技术不断发展,其中聚合酶链反应技术、生物芯片及生物传感器等检测技术成为研究热点,在这些技术的基础上,以能实现微型便携、快速灵敏、准确特异和经济方便为目的的新材料和不同技术手段的整合技术成为地下水中病原菌检测发展的新方向。文章对近年来病原菌快速检测新技术进行综述,以期为受污染的地下水病原菌的有效监测和控制提供技术支持。     

石油类污染地下水中挥发性有机物低温生物降解性能的研究

针对地下水石油类污染的问题,从某污染场地土壤中筛选驯化出了适用于处理挥发性有机物的3株低温高效降解菌,并以苯和萘作为特征组分考察了pH、DO、温度、氮磷等因素对降解效果的影响;实验结果表明,在8℃左右的地下环境中,DO和氮磷的含量对污染物的降解影响较大;在pH 7.5、DO＞4 mg/L和投加氮磷的条件下,18 d内降...     

短程硝化过程中NO-2-N高效富集的工艺条件实验研究

针对厌氧氨氧化工艺需要提供充足的亚硝酸盐氮为电子受体的问题,利用培养基对SBR中具有一定短程硝化功能的污泥进行富集培养,得到氨氧化菌和亚硝酸盐氧化菌的数量之比为104︰1,并研究了工艺条件对短程硝化的影响,结果表明,适合氨氧化菌生长的最佳温度为30℃、pH为7.5、nHCO^-₃/nNH⁺₄-N值为1。以适合氨氧化菌生长的最佳环境条件优化SBR,在进水氨氮浓度为250 mg/L时,氨氮的转化率达到90％以上,亚硝酸盐氮积累率维持在85％以上,反应器中氨氧化菌与亚硝酸盐氧化菌的数量之比为10³∶1,亚硝酸盐的高效积累为厌氧氨氧化工艺处理高氨废水的过程提供了稳定的电子受体。     

序批式生物膜反应器挂膜启动实现短程硝化

常温条件下(20～25℃),以模拟的人工配水为研究对象,采用序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR),在初期挂膜的基础上,笔者运用两种不同的挂膜方式即重新加入新泥和不加新泥而加大进水COD浓度来实现生物膜的快速启动。实验表明,2种挂膜启动通过14 d的培养与富集,NH4+-N与COD的处理效果都能分别达到85%和75%以上。将剩余污泥排尽后,采用第1种挂膜方式的反应器通过连续间歇曝气,达到了比较好的短程硝化效果。调整溶解氧,并且通过先下降后上升曝气量的方式,能进一步提高亚氮的出水。最终在DO为3.6 mg/L时,亚氮的积累率能达到平均74%左右,达到了比较好的亚硝化效果。而第2种挂膜方式培养的生物膜则以好氧反硝化菌为主,去除的氨氮由同化作用和培养的好氧反硝化菌去除,以后者为主。通过比较可以看出,为了实现短程硝化,第1种挂膜方式比第2种更具有优越性,有利于硝化菌种的生长和亚氮的积累,而第2种方式则有利于培养好氧反硝化菌。     

水环境中致病菌分子生物学检测技术研究进展

总结了水环境中主要致病菌及其导致的疾病;介绍了检测水环境样品中致病菌的聚合酶链式反应（PCR）、实时定量PCR、等温扩增技术、生物传感器和高通量测序等分子生物学技术研究进展;分析了不同检测技术的优缺点和应用特点;提出了水环境中致病菌分子生物学检测技术的未来发展方向,为水环境中致病菌分析检测和风险控制提供研究思路和技术支撑。     

Effects of nitrate concentration in interstitial water on the bioremediation of simulated oil-polluted shorelines

Nutrient addition has been proved to be an effective strategy to enhance oil biodegradation in marine shorelines.To determine the optimal range of nutrient concentrations in the bioremediation of oil-polluted beaches,nitrate was added to the simulated shoreline models in the initial concentration of 1,5 and 10 mg/L.Whenever the NO3-N concentration declined to 70% of its original value, additional nutrients were supplemented to maintain a certain range.Results showed adding nutrients increased the oil biodegradation level,the counts of petroleum degrading bacteria(PDB)and heterotrophic bacteria (HB),and the promoted efficiency varied depending on the concentration of nitrate.Oil degradation level in 5 mg/L(NO_3-N)group reached as much as 84.3% accompanied with the consistently highest counts of PDB;while in 1 mg/L group oil removal efficiency was only 35.2%,and the numbers of PDB and HB were relatively low compared to the other groups supplemented with nutrients.Although counts of HB in the 10 mg/L group were remarkable,lower counts of PDB resulted in poorer oil removal efficiency (70.5%) compared to 5 mg/L group.Furthermore,it would need more NO_3-N(0.371 mg)to degrade 1 mg diesel oil in the 10 mg/L group than in the 5 mg/L group(0.197 mg).In conclusion, Nitrate concentration in 5 mg/L is superior to 1 and 10 mg/L in the enhancement of diesel oil biodegradation in simulated shorelines.     

Organic matter and concentrated nitrogen removal by shortcut nitrification and denitrification from mature municipal landfill leachate

An UASB＋Anoxic/Oxic （A/O） system was introduced to treat a mature landfill leachate with low carbon-to-nitrogen ratio and high ammonia concentration. To make the best use of the biodegradable COD in the leaehate, the denitrifieation of NOx^--N in the reeireulation effluent from the elarifier was carried out in the UASB. The results showed that most biodegradable organic matters were removed by the denitrifieation in the UASB. The NH4^＋-N loading rate （ALR） of A/O reactor and operational temperature was 0.28- 0.60 kg NH4^＋-N/（m^3-d） and 17-29℃ during experimental period, respectively. The short-cut nitrification with nitrite accumulation efficiency of 90%-99% was stabilized during the whole experiment. The NH4^＋-N removal efficiency varied between 90% and 100%. When ALR was less than 0.45 kg NH4^＋-N/（m^3.d）, the NH4^＋-N removal efficiency was more than 98%. With the influent NH4^＋-N of 1200-1800 mg/L, the effluent NH4^＋-N was less than 15 mg/L. The shortcut nitrification and denitrifieation can save 40% carbon source, with a highly efficient denitrifieation taking place in the UASB. When the ratio of the feed COD to feed NH4^＋-N was only 2-3, the total inorganic nitrogen （TIN） removal efficiency attained 67%-80%. Besides, the sludge samples from A/O reactor were analyzed using FISH. The FISH analysis revealed that ammonia oxidation bacteria （AOB） accounted for 4% of the total eubaeterial population, whereas nitrite oxidation bacteria （NOB） accounted only for 0.2% of the total eubaeterial population.     

光合细菌净化养殖池水质的模拟研究

从淡水养鱼池塘底泥中分离得到１株光合细菌。在实验室模拟研究了菌液投加量、光照条件、温度、盐度、常用水产杀虫剂硫酸铜、敌百虫用量对净化养殖池水质效果的影响，结果表明：菌表明：菌液适宜投加量为１０ｍｇ／Ｌ；光照状态下净化效果优于黑暗状态；温度低于１５℃，氯化钠投加量高于１００００ｍｇ／Ｌ，硫酸铜投加量高于０．４ｍｇ／Ｌ，敌百申诉凤加量高于２．０ｍｇ／Ｌ时，净化效果均明显下降。