不同植被群落表层土壤中细菌群落多样性

对3种不同植被群落(海桐、雪松、桂花)表层土壤中的pH、w(TOC)、w(TN)和w(TP)进行了测定,采用DGGE(变性梯度凝胶电泳)方法对各植被群落表层土壤细菌的16S rDNA V3~V6可变区扩增片段进行了分析,利用分析得到的图谱数据与表层土壤中的pH、w(TOC)、w(TN)和w(TP)进行了群落-理化因子相关性分析以及CCA(典范对应分析). 结果表明,不同植被群落表层土壤的pH和养分含量不同,其中w(TOC)和w(TN)的差异显著(P<0.05),而pH和w(TP)的差异不显著(P>0.05). DGGE图谱分析结果揭示,不同植被群落表层土壤的细菌群落结构明显不同. 聚类分析显示,海桐和雪松的细菌群落组成和结构最为相似(82%),而它们与桂花样地的相似性(55%)相对较低,桂花样地的Shannon-Wiener指数最高且与其他2个样地差异显著,雪松样地的均匀度指数最高. 相关性分析和CCA结果进一步表明,w(TOC)和w(TN)是表层土壤细菌群落结构和多样性的显著影响因素,并且植被群落可能通过其根系分泌物产生间接影响.      

Characterization of bacterial community and iron corrosion in drinking water distribution systems with O3-biological activated carbon treatment

Bacterial community structure and iron corrosion were investigated for simulated drinking water distribution systems(DWDSs) composed of annular reactors incorporating three different treatments: ozone, biologically activated carbon and chlorination(O_3-BAC-Cl_2);ozone and chlorination(O3-Cl_2); or chlorination alone(Cl_2). The lowest corrosion rate and iron release, along with more Fe_3O_4 formation, occurred in DWDSs with O_3-BAC-Cl_2 compared to those without a BAC filter. It was verified that O_3-BAC influenced the bacterial community greatly to promote the relative advantage of nitrate-reducing bacteria(NRB)in DWDSs. Moreover, the advantaged NRB induced active Fe(III) reduction coupled to Fe(II) oxidation, enhancing Fe_3O_4 formation and inhibiting corrosion. In addition, O_3-BAC pretreatment could reduce high-molecular-weight fractions of dissolved organic carbon effectively to promote iron particle aggregation and inhibit further iron release. Our findings indicated that the O_3-BAC treatment, besides removing organic pollutants in water, was also a good approach for controlling cast iron corrosion and iron release in DWDSs.     

纳米材料对环境中微生物活性的影响研究

研究纳米材料对环境中微生物细胞活性的影响可为纳米材料的生物安全性评价提供一定的理论基础.以大肠杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌为受试生物,采用电导率仪测定细菌培养液电导率变化,分别研究了纳米TiO2、纳米ZnO、纳米Fe3O4、纳米SiO2、纳米二氧化钛载银、纳米磷酸锆载银、纳米棕色银对细菌细胞膜通透性的影响.结果表明,纳米材料对革兰氏阳性枯草芽孢杆菌细胞活性影响更大;同种纳米材料,粒径越小,对细菌的细胞活性影响越强;对细菌细胞活性影响最大的是纳米棕色银,对细菌细胞活性影响最小的是纳米SiO2和Fe3O4.     

准好氧矿化垃圾床处理渗滤液的脱氮菌群研究

为探明准好氧矿化垃圾床处理渗滤液的生物脱氮机理,采用最大或然数计数法以及一系列的生化试验和镜检照片,研究了床层不同高度脱氮菌的数量和菌群结构.结果表明:床内亚硝化菌、硝化菌、厌氧反硝化菌和好氧反硝化菌的平均数量分别为5.3×106,7.5×106,6.9×103和2.5×105 g-1,亚硝化菌、硝化菌和好氧反硝化菌主要富集于反应床的表层和底部,厌氧反硝化菌主要富集于反应床的中部;从床内共分离出3株亚硝化菌,6株硝化菌,5株厌氧反硝化菌和6株好氧反硝化菌.准好氧矿化垃圾床处理渗滤液的生物脱氮机理为同步硝化反硝化,主要发生在反应床的表层和底部.      

LAS、AE降解菌的筛选及降解效率的研究

以某合成洗涤剂厂曝气池活性污泥为菌种来源，表面活性剂直链烷基苯磺酸钠（LAS）及脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚（AE）为唯一碳源进行选择培养，从中分离出5株降解LAS、AE能力强的菌株。根据各菌株菌体形态、染色反应和生理生化反应，分别对5菌株进行了菌种鉴定，并在不同的温度、pH值和供氧的情况下对5株菌株进行培养，研究菌株生长所适宜的环境条件。同时根据LAS、AE对水绵伤害实验，以生物监测的方法对菌株降解LAS、AE的效率进行了研究。     

光合细菌利用沼液废水制氢的影响因素

沼液资源化利用将是未来热点问题,首次尝试研究利用光合细菌处理沼液废水的产氢工艺条件,探讨反应预处理时间、光照度、温度、沼液的pH值和接种量因素对光合细菌产氢过程的影响。结果表明,在光照厌氧的条件下,光合细菌产氢的最佳工艺条件为:温度35℃,光照度1 000 lux,pH值9,接种量50%,反应预处理时间24 h,最大产氢量达到500mL/(200 mL沼液),对进一步研究开发光合细菌处理沼液废水和产氢有重要的参考价值。     

高效石油烃降解菌SKD-1的分离、筛选及其降解性能

从孤岛油田石油污染土壤中分离到一株高效石油降解菌,命名为SKD-1。该菌株菌落表面湿润光滑、边缘整齐、圆形、不透明、乳黄色,能够利用葡萄糖和淀粉作为其生长的碳源和能源,其最适生长环境为碱性（pH8-10）,在分别以正十六烷烃和原油为惟一碳源,温度为30℃,摇床（180r／min）培养的条件下,菌株SKD-1的降解率分别为66．1％和36．9％。16SrRNA基因序列分析表明,菌株SKD-1与不动杆菌AcinetobactercalcoaceticusSY-1同源性达99％。结合菌株SKD．1菌落形态、理化性质以及系统发育分析,可以鉴定菌株SKD-1属于不动杆菌属（Acinetobactersp．）,序列登录号为AB774229。     

Effects of growth substrate on triclosan biodegradation potential of oxygenase-expressing bacteria

Triclosan is an antimicrobial agent, an endocrine disrupting compound, and an emerging contaminant in the environment. This is the first study investigating triclosan biodegradation potential of four oxygenase-expressing bacteria: Rhodococcus jostii RHA1, Mycobacterium vaccae JOB5, Rhodococcus ruber ENV425, and Burkholderia xenovorans LB400. B. xenovorans LB400 and R. ruber ENV425 were unable to degrade triclosan. Propane-grown M. vaccae JOB5 can completely degrade triclosan (5 mg L⁻¹). R. jostii RHA1 grown on biphenyl, propane, and LB medium with dicyclopropylketone (DCPK), an alkane monooxygenase inducer, was able to degrade the added triclosan (5 mg L⁻¹) to different extents. Incomplete degradation of triclosan by RHA1 is probably due to triclosan product toxicity. The highest triclosan transformation capacity (T_c, defined as the amount of triclosan degraded/the number of cells inactivated; 5.63 × 10⁻³ ng triclosan/16S rRNA gene copies) was observed for biphenyl-grown RHA1 and the lowest T_c (0.20 × 10⁻³ ng-triclosan/16S rRNA gene copies) was observed for propane-grown RHA1. No triclosan degradation metabolites were detected during triclosan degradation by propane- and LB + DCPK-grown RHA1. When using biphenyl-grown RHA1 for degradation, four chlorinated metabolites (2,4-dichlorophenol, monohydroxy-triclosan, dihydroxy-triclosan, and 2-chlorohydroquinone (a new triclosan metabolite)) were detected. Based on the detected metabolites, a meta-cleavage pathway was proposed for triclosan degradation.     

Natural resistance of rose petals to microbial attack

Petals of red, yellow and white roses (Rosa damascene Mill.) of the family Rosaceae were extracted with (1:1) methylene chloride/methanol and tested for their antimicrobial activities against four species of Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus and Staphylococcus aureus), five species of Gram-negative bacteria (Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens) and five species of fungi (Penicillium notatum, Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus stolonifer, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Fusarium oxysporum). All of the crude extracts showed a wide range of antimicrobial activities according to the tested organism and rose's type. Micrococcus luteus was found to be the most susceptible bacteria to all crude extracts. Red and yellow petal extracts showed much higher antibacterial activity than the white petals extract. Bacillus subtilis was found to be the least susceptible to all extracts. The fungus, Penicillium notatum was found to be the most susceptible with white petal extract being the most effective. Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Fusarium oxysporum were the least susceptible to all extracts. White roses extract showed much higher antifungal activities against Penicillium notatum than red or yellow roses, therefore, it was subjected to several bioassay guided chromatographic fractionations and purification to isolate the active chemical(s) responsible for the antifungal activity. Chemical structure of the isolated antifungal compounds were identified by spectroscopy techniques and found to be a γ-sitosterol and (Z,Z)-9,12-octadecadienoic acid. Antibacterial activity of the various types of rose extracts were due to complex mixtures of organic compounds which are still under chemical investigation and will be published later.