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111.
ABSTRACT In forest frontiers, smallholder agrarian livelihoods remain uneasily juxtaposed with conservation interests. Agricultural intensification is often considered a viable means of reconciling competing environmental and livelihood objectives given its potential to concentrate production on less land. However, intensification may have unintended consequences, including loss of resilient agricultural systems. The risks of smallholder agricultural intensification warrant a better understanding of its drivers. This study uses the case of Calakmul, Mexico, to examine the critical role of the state in intensification processes. Drawing on household surveys and key-informant interviews, it traces the linkages between state institutions and local farming practices. Statistical and qualitative analyses reveal how intensification is both incentivized and imposed by prevailing policies, the former via subsidies and the latter via regulations against field rotations. The outcome – increased external inputs and longer cultivation periods between fallows – may undermine the sustainability of smallholders’ agroecosystems, an undesirable consequence amid limited livelihood alternatives. 相似文献
112.
The Altata-Ensenada del Pabellón lagoon system is located in the central part of Sinaloa state, NW Mexico. The major sources of pollution are represented by the waste effluents from the intensive agriculture and the urban sewage from the cities of Culiacán (population of 750 000) and Navolato (population of 50 000). In this lagoon system diverse penaeid shrimps occur; the crystal shrimp Farfantepenaeus brevirostris, the brown shrimp F. californiensis, the blue shrimp Litopenaeus stylirostris, the white shrimp L. vannamei and the Pacific seabob Xiphopenaeus kroyeri. With the purpose of knowing distribution and relative concentrations of Hg in the main tissues of penaeid shrimps, levels of Hg in five species from Altata-Enesenada del Pabellón lagoon on the SE Gulf of California were determined. Analysis were carried out by reducing mercury compounds after acid digestion reduction with SnCl2 and detection by cold vapour atomic absorption. In general, hepatopancreas was the tissue where Hg was mostly accumulated, followed by muscle and exoskeleton. The sequence of Hg concentrations in the five species studied here for every tissue was: hepatopancreas L. vannamei > F. californiensis > L. stylirostris > F. brevirostris > X. kroyeri; muscle L. stylirostris > F. brevirostris > L. vannamei > F. CALIFORNIENSIS=X. kroyeri and exoskeleton F. brevirostris > F. californiensis > L. vannamei > L. stylirostris > X. kroyeri. 相似文献
113.
Peter N. Swift 《Environmental management》1993,17(1):83-97
The United States Department of Energy is developing the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) in southeastern New Mexico for
the disposal of transuranic wastes generated by defense programs. Because changes in climate during the next 10,000 years
(10 ka) may affect performance of the repository, an understanding of long-term climate variability is essential for evaluating
regulatory compliance.
Fluctuations in global climate corresponding to glaciation and deglaciation of the northern hemisphere have been regular in
both frequency and amplitude for at least 780 ka. Coolest and wettest conditions in the past have occurred at the WIPP during
glacial maxima, when the North American ice sheet reached its southern limit roughly 1200 km north of the WIPP and deflected
the jet stream southward. Average precipitation in southeastern New Mexico during the last glacial maximum 22-18 ka before
present (BP) was approximately twice that of the present. Driest conditions (precipitation approximately 90% of present) occurred
6.5-4.5 ka BP, after the ice sheet had retreated to its present location. Wet periods of unknown duration have occurred since
the retreat of the ice sheet, but none have exceeded glacial conditions. Global climate models suggest that anthropogenic
climate changes (i.e., warming caused by an increased greenhouse effect) will not result in an increase in precipitation at
the WIPP. The climate of the last glacial maximum is therefore suitable for use as a cooler and wetter limit for variability
during the next 10 ka. 相似文献
114.
Luis Antonio Bojórquez-Tapia 《Environmental management》1989,13(5):545-551
115.
A stakeholder driven process to reduce vulnerability to climate change in Hermosillo,Sonora, Mexico 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Hallie Eakin Victor Magaña Joel Smith José Luis Moreno José Maria Martínez Osvaldo Landavazo 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(5):935-955
While there is a growing body of knowledge on potential impacts of climate change on water availability, there has been much
less empirical research on exploring the viability of particular adaptation options. The participation of stakeholders in
defining appropriate adaptation strategies is increasingly recognized as a critical element in the translation of climate
change impact research into effective actions to reduce future vulnerability, yet the process by which stakeholders are included
in such initiatives is not well-defined. This article presents the results of a pilot project in which a participatory approach
was employed to identify and evaluate adaptation options to climate change scenarios for Sonora’s capital city, Hermosillo.
In an iterative process, stakeholders representing different water users and managers in the city met to discuss climate change
scenarios, identify specific adaptation options, and evaluate a subset of options for possible future implementation. This
process enabled the focus of the investigation on those adaptations that addressed not only concerns with the potential future
impacts of climate change but also the immediate and pressing concerns about development patterns and water use in the city.
Two of the adaptations to climate change identified by stakeholders would also reduce energy demand. The simplicity of the
approach makes it a feasible model for adaptation initiatives in other regions of Mexico and in other countries in Latin America.
相似文献
Osvaldo LandavazoEmail: |
116.
Pablo Torres-Lima Luis Rodríguez-Sánchez 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2008,10(2):193-208
Urban development has important implications for farmland preservation and natural resource management in local peri-urban
communities. Social science research on recent changes in rural landscape of mega-cities tends to be limited to case studies
in Latin-American nations. This study analyses the socioecomic dynamics of farming land use and the interactions between multiple
cultural variables and the environment. Fieldwork was carried out during the 2002–2003 period in rural livelihoods of the
five high mountain towns of south Mexico City. Data obtained from participatory survey and ethnographic techniques were integrated
to assess changes in rural landscape and resource management and how urbanization, deforestation and market oriented agricultural
production result in different livelihoods within a similar urban fringe context. The dynamic of mixture of urban and rural
landscapes is based on farm productivity and social capital factors. The study concludes that policy support for regional
agricultural production systems through enhancing ecosystems services, environmental protection and economic development is
needed for sustainable development of local communities.
Readers should send their comments on this paper to BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue 相似文献
117.
Comparisons of WRF/Chem simulated O3 concentrations in Mexico City with ground-based RAMA measurements during the MILAGRO period 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Yongxin Zhang Manvendra K. Dubey 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(30):4622-4631
This work compares the WRF/Chem (Weather Research and Forecasting – Chemistry) simulated O3 concentrations in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) with measurements from the ground-based RAMA network during the MILAGRO (Megacity Initiative: Local and Global Research Observations) period. The model resolves the observations reasonably well in terms of diurnal cycle and mean magnitude as reflected by high correlation coefficients and low root-mean-square errors. Stations located in the center of the MCMA generally exhibit higher correlation coefficients and lower model biases than those stations located in the peripheral of the MCMA. Large temporal variations in the observed and simulated O3 concentrations are noted from station to station during the MILAGRO period. Sensitivity analyses of O3 concentrations to changes in NOx and VOC emissions rates suggest that O3 production in the MCMA is VOC-sensitive, and VOC-emissions reduction appears to be an effective strategy for reducing high surface O3 concentrations in the MCMA. 相似文献
118.
Lisa M. Smith John M. Macauley Linda C. Harwell Cynthia A. Chancy 《Environmental management》2009,44(1):149-162
Water quality was assessed following Hurricane Katrina in the affected waters of Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana. Post-landfall
water quality was compared to pre-hurricane conditions using indicators assessed by EPA’s National Coastal Assessment program
and additional indicators of contaminants in water and pathogens. Water quality data collected after Hurricane Katrina suggest
that the coastal waters affected by the storm exhibited higher salinity and concentrations of chlorophyll a, dissolved inorganic phosphorus, and total suspended solids following the storm compared to the previous 5-year averages.
Higher bottom dissolved oxygen concentrations and light attenuation were also observed. Contaminant concentrations measured
in the water column were very low or undetectable, as were the presence of pathogens. Overall water quality did not significantly
differ from water quality assessed in the five years preceding the storm. Statistical analyses indicate that use of a probabilistic
survey design is appropriate for making pre-storm and post storm comparisons for water quality condition on an areal basis.
The information in this article has been funded wholly (or in part) by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. It has been
subjected to review by the National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory and approved for publication. Approval
does not signify that the contents reflect the views of the Agency, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products
constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. This is contribution number 1280 from the Gulf Ecology Division. 相似文献
119.
Smith LM Didonato EM Harwell LC Nestlerode JA Summers JK 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2007,128(1-3):511-524
Using the approach established by EPA's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP), a shoreline monitoring survey
was conducted in August and September 1999, encompassing the Florida Panhandle from Perdido Key, Florida to Port St. Joe,
Florida. The objective of this survey was to demonstrate the use of a probabilistic survey for monitoring and estimating the
condition of swimmable beach areas. Thirty stations were sampled using a probabilistic sampling design. Hydrographic data
were collected in addition to samples for water chemistry. Bacterial indicators, enterococci and fecal coliforms, were enumerated
from the water according to the EPA Beaches Environmental Assessment Closure and Health (BEACH) Program and Florida state
guidelines. Additional criteria for site condition included the presence or absence of primary and secondary dunes, anthropogenic
debris and vegetation. Based on EMAP evaluation guidelines and Florida state criteria, a baseline assessment of the condition
of the Gulf of Mexico beach resources surveyed is presented. 相似文献
120.
An analysis of current trends in water availability in the Mexican border state of Sonora is presented to illustrate what may be faced under climate change conditions. Precipitation, streamflow and even dam levels data are examined to estimate what changes have been experienced in recent decades. There are indications that the more frequent occurrence of El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events have resulted in more winter precipitation and consequently in a slight increase in water availability in northwestern Mexico. However, water demands grow much faster than such trends in water availability, mainly due to a rapid increase in population in urban areas and in socio-economic activities such as those related to agriculture, industry and power generation. Some strategies to adapt or mitigate climate change conditions are proposed. 相似文献