An Overview of Sediment Organic Matter Records of Human Eutrophication in the Laurentian Great Lakes Region

The isotopic and molecular compositions of organic matter buried in lake sediments provide information that helps to reconstruct past environmental conditions and to assess impacts of humans on local ecosystems. This overview of sedimentary records from the North American Great Lakes region describes examples of applications of organic geochemistry to paleolimnological reconstructions. These lakes experienced a succession of human-induced environmental changes that started after completion of the Erie Canal in 1825. Agricultural deforestation in the mid-nineteenth century released soil nutrients that increased algal productivity and caused an associated increase in algal biomarkers in sediment records. Eutrophication that accompanied magnified delivery of municipal nutrients to the lakes in the 1960s and 1970s created excursions to less negative δ¹³C values in sediment organic matter. Increased organic carbon mass accumulation rates mirror the isotopic evidence of eutrophication in the Great Lakes.     

Urban geochemistry: research strategies to assist risk assessment and remediation of brownfield sites in urban areas

Urban geochemical maps of Wolverhampton and Nottingham, based on multielement analysis of surface soils, have shown distribution patterns of “total” metals concentrations relating to past and present industrial and domestic land use and transport systems. Several methods have been used to estimate the solubility and potential bioavailability of metals, their mineral forms and potential risks to urban population groups. These include sequential chemical extraction, soil pore water extraction and analysis, mineralogical analysis by scanning electron microscopy, source apportionment by lead isotope analysis and the development of models to predict metal uptake by homegrown vegetables to provide an estimate of risk from metal consumption and exposure. The results from these research strategies have been integrated with a geographical information system (GIS) to provide data for future land-use planning.     

Re-evaluation and re-classification of erionite series minerals

Governments and industries have introduced regulatory measures requiring safety controls to limit asbestos exposure of the general public and asbestos workers. Although erionite is a more potent health hazard mineral than asbestos, it has received far less attention. Precise definition of erionite, types of these fibrous minerals, and most importantly, characterization requirements still raise questions and often lead to arguments and even legal disputes. Many bulk erionite samples used in animal and cell experiments for carcinogenicity are not mineralogically pure. To test this hypothesis, we characterized two erionite standards from Rome, Oregon, and Pine Valley, Nevada, USA. These standards were characterized quantitatively using modern analytical techniques, and one of them, the erionite standard from Rome, Oregon, passed the required tests for positive identification, but the other, the erionite standard from Pine Valley, Nevada, did not. Furthermore, we observed ambiguous definitions, incorrect identifications, and inaccurate reporting of clinical investigations. To address this problem, we established characterization guidelines for positive identification of erionite using a modified balance error formula, and we re-evaluated and re-classified published erionite data from the literature as erionite-Ca, erionite-Na, and erionite-K. If data did not pass either the E% or Mg-content test, then we propose that reference to them in the literature be disregarded. Erionite requires special attention from the mineralogical community to help establish its true carcinogenetic properties. We believe that the characterization guidelines established in this paper will contribute to setting up rules and regulations for evaluation of erionite by regulatory agencies.     

除虫菊酯和迷迭香对大鼠大脑突触体ATP酶的活性影响

除虫菊酯越来越广泛地被应用于农业和家庭昆虫防治,主要通过作用于膜结合蛋白而对动物起神经毒性.迷迭香因其抗氧化功能而被应用于很多商业化的除虫菊酯产品中.本实验以大鼠大脑突触体ATP酶为研究对象,对除虫菊酯和迷迭香的药理学进行了研究.用Percoll梯度离心法分离突触体,通过检测无机磷的量来测定总ATP酶和Mg2 -ATP酶活性.结果表明,除虫菊酯在浓度为10 μmol/L时总ATP酶和Mg2 -ATP酶分别降低到对照的80.3%和46.9%.迷迭香在浓度为0.3～30 μmol/L时几乎不影响ATP酶活性,当浓度上升到3 000 μmol/L时,总ATP酶活性降低到66.8%,而Mg2 -ATP酶活性降低到54.5%. 10 μmol/L 除虫菊酯和30 μmol/L迷迭香混合物引起总ATP酶和Mg2 -ATP酶分别降低到72.9%和33.4%.结论: 1) 除虫菊酯能抑制大鼠大脑ATP酶活性; 2) 迷迭香只在高浓度下才对ATP酶有抑制作用; 3) 迷迭香能增强除虫菊酯对ATP酶的抑制作用.图3参19     

古堆泉域岩溶地下水水化学特征及成因

古堆泉为山西省著名岩溶大泉之一,是唯一的中低温温泉,具有悠久的开发观赏历史,凝聚着丰厚的人文积淀.以古堆泉域岩溶地下水为研究对象,通过系统地样品采集与同位素分析,综合运用水化学（Durov图、离子比例、Gibbs图和氢氧同位素）同位素方法分析地下水水化学特征和地下水系统径流特征.古堆泉域岩溶地下水的⁸⁷ Sr/⁸⁶ Sr值在0.709~0.717之间,Mg/（Mg+Ca）值在0.27~0.74之间.通过分析Sr同位素组成和Mg/（Mg+Ca）、1/Sr变化特征,得出古堆泉域岩溶地下水为深部热水与浅部冷水的混合水,中条山南梁泉岩溶水子系统呈现碳酸盐岩地层径流特征,佛岭山-高显海头泉岩溶水子系统和侯马盆地深循环子系统呈现碳酸盐岩地层与火成岩地层径流特征,塔儿山-九原山古堆泉岩溶水子系统呈现碳酸盐岩地层与古老硅铝质岩地层径流特征.通过2014年样品与2021年相同位置取样点的氢氧同位素比对分析,得出古堆泉口水样变化原因是其受三泉水库补给随时间的积累的结果,三泉水库的变化原因是受引黄水的影响.研究区岩溶地下水水化学类型可分为SO₄-Na、SO₄-Ca、HCO₃-Na、HCO₃-Mg、HCO₃-Ca和Cl-Na型.岩溶地下水水化学类型从HCO₃-Ca·Mg→HCO₃·SO₄-Ca·Mg→SO₄·HCO₃-Na·Ca→SO₄·Cl-Na·Ca呈现明显的水化学成分分带.     

喀斯特洞穴滴水Ca、Mg离子特征与降雨、温度相关研究——以贵州安顺石将军洞为例

为了分析洞穴滴水Ca2+、Mg2+和降雨、气温内在联系、进一步帮助解译周围地区地表环境,我们从2011年6月至2012年5月对贵州石将军洞滴水Ca2+、Mg2+等地球化学特征和周围气候进行了为期一年的监测,发现7个滴水点Ca2+、Mg2+年际变化趋势具有明显一致性,分为波动区、高值区及低值区,滴水点Mg/Ca比值与月降雨量没有明显一致性变化,但波动区,高值区及低值区均值与月降雨量具有很好的相关性,能够反应外界降雨量变化。并且研究发现,在低值区由于温度和土壤CO2的影响,造成滴水Ca2+、Mg2+在1月份突变性降低,成为年际变化的波谷期。     

羟基镁铝复合物对于水体中镉的去除研究

近年来,由于受到各种工业废水和固体废弃物的影响,使得水体中的重金属含量不断上升,镉污染就是受关注度较高的一种重金属污染,居民若长期食用含镉稻米或含镉水,会引发骨痛病,严重时还会危害人体生命健康。羟基镁铝复合物是在强化混凝过程中形成的,是一种较好的复合材料,能够有效去除水体中的镉。本次主要研究这种材料对于Cd离子的去除效果,可以得出如下结论：pH、混凝剂Al13是较关键的影响因素,这些因素均影响着羟基镁铝复合物的形成情况以及其对于Cd离子的去除效果。通过一些表征说明,镁铝复合物的形态呈无定形,比表面积较大,成分也较复杂,并且在一定pH保证下,聚合度较高的Al13形成复合物的颗粒较大,对于Cd离子的去除起到积极的促进作用。     

粉煤灰对烟气中CO2的吸收特性及矿物相演变机理研究

粉煤灰矿化CO₂是一种极具前景的减少燃煤电厂CO₂排放的技术.然而,目前还缺乏从矿物学角度对碳酸化反应机理的详细认识.本研究选取了3种粉煤灰开展碳酸化实验和矿物学研究,考察碳酸化过程中温度对碳酸化能力及粉煤灰矿物学变化的影响.结果表明,在任一温度下,BJ粉煤灰的碳酸化率均高于YA和LY粉煤灰,这是由于BJ粉煤灰中硬石膏、钙铁石和无定形相等活性矿物相含量较高,LY粉煤灰缺少高活性的钙、镁结晶相.对YA粉煤灰而言,升高温度可显著提高透辉石、尖晶石、黑钙铁矿和方镁石的转化率.在碳酸化YA粉煤灰中同时检测出碳酸钙和碳酸镁/铁,说明除含钙相其他活性元素(Mg和Fe)也参与了碳酸化过程.因此,需要对每个粉煤灰原始材料的矿物学和操作温度进行具体的个案优化,以最大限度地提高固定CO₂能力和碳酸化率.结果还表明温度对不同晶型碳酸钙的形成具有重要作用.方解石在低温(40和80℃)下形成,而文石在高温(180和220℃)下形成.     

雅鲁藏布江河水氢氧同位素时空变化特征

为揭示流域内水汽循环过程变化规律、揭示河水稳定同位素与气象要素及海拔之间的关系,2018年先后采集雅鲁藏布江干流丰、平、枯,水期水样90个,对河水的氢氧同位素组成进行了分析.结果表明：利用δ¹⁸O与纬度和海拔定量关系模型研究了雅江流域降水氢氧同位素空间变化特征,发现降水中δ¹⁸O值变化呈现东西部（雅江上、下游）高中部（雅江中游）低的趋势;建立了雅江丰、平、枯水期河水氢氧同位素方程,研究发现δD与δ¹⁸O的线性方程斜率低于中国大气降水线,河水δD与δ¹⁸O有一定的季节性特征,其受大气降水的影响较大,且丰水期较平水期以及枯水期相比更为明显;雅江河水中δ¹⁸O空间特征表现为,从上游至下游整体表现出先降低再升高的变化趋势.南北空间上表现为河水δD-δ¹⁸O从南至北逐步增高的趋势.δD-δ¹⁸O值与海拔高度具有较弱的负相关关系;受地表蒸发分馏、降水云团迁移以及流域岩石风化的影响,雅江河水d值季节性、空间性变化明显.     

安徽淮北临涣矿区地表水水化学及硫氢氧同位素组成特征

以淮北临涣矿区为研究对象,系统的采集了研究区河水、沉陷区积水和矿井排水等共23个水样,分析测试其常规水化学指标及氢氧硫同位素特征值。采用Piper三线图、Gibbs图与线性回归分析等方法,探讨了研究区不同类型地表水水化学组份特征及影响因素、SO_4~(2-)来源等问题。结果表明:研究区地表水TDS含量较高,属高矿化度水质类型,阳离子主要为Na~+和Ca~(2+),阴离子主要为HCO3-与SO_4~(2-),其中浍河河水水化学类型主要为Na~+-Ca~(2+)-HCO_3~-型,沉陷积水主要为Na~+-Cl~--SO_4~(2-)型;研究区河水和沉陷区积水SO_4~(2-)含量较高,平均值分别为412. 90 mg/L和490. 61 mg/L,河水中SO_4~(2-)主要来源于蒸发岩溶解、废水排放,沉陷区积水SO_4~(2-)来源于河水补给及矿井排水的影响;地表水的δD和δ~(18)O值变化范围为-55. 3‰～-29. 3‰和-7. 2‰～-2. 6‰,均落在大气降水线下方,表明其受到不同程度蒸发作用,河水、沉陷积水主要补给来源是大气降水; Gibbs图分析结果表明河水离子组成主要受岩石风化的控制,而沉陷区积水主要受蒸发作用影响。