农田退水期阿什河氮污染特征及来源解析

利用水质监测技术和稳定同位素示踪技术,对春季农田退水期阿什河河水中ρ(NH₄+-N)、ρ(NO₃--N)和ρ(TN)特征进行研究并对氮污染来源进行解析. 结果表明,ρ(NH₄+-N)、ρ(NO₃--N)和ρ(TN)除在阿什河上游源头区水体中较低外,其余大部分区域均较高. 上游源头区采样点 δ 15N值为3.68‰～6.09‰,主要受大气沉降氮和土壤有机氮的污染;中下游区域中一部分采样点δ15N值为5.32‰～7.72‰,主要受农田退水和农村生活污水影响,另一部分采样点δ15N值为8.45‰～11.86‰,主要受畜禽养殖污水影响较大;下游采样点δ15N值较低(3.25‰～4.15‰),主要受工业来源废水污染. 农田,特别是河流两岸的稻田退水对阿什河水质影响较大;城区对阿什河TN和NH₄+-N影响较大,对NO₃--N影响较小.      

沉积有机质分子地球化学应用于古气候古环境研究

自从上世纪八十年代以来,沉积有机质分子地球化学在古气候古环境研究中发挥了其它学科不可替代的作用。与传统的第四纪地质地球化学研究方法相比,分子有机地球化学在古生态系统恢复与古生产率评估、古大气二氧化碳分压与古温度确定等领域提供了更为精细的信息。文章主要总结与评述了沉积有机质分子及其碳／氢同位素地球化学技术近三十年来在上述领域的主要进展。     

Composition of stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes in five wetland plants and sediments from the Pearl River estuary,South China

This study sampled five plant species and adjoining sediments from the Qi’ao (Zhuhai) and Nansha (Guangzhou) coastal wetlands located in the Pearl River estuary, South China. The compositions of stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes as well as the content of carbon and nitrogen in the samples were analysed. Differences in carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio, and habitat feature were compared between exotic plants (Spartina alterniflora, Sonneratia apetala, and Laguncularia racemosa) and native mangroves (Aegiceras corniculatum and Acrostichum aureum). The results showed that for Qi’ao, which is nearer the sea, the conductivity of the sediments at this location was approximately two times higher than that at Nansha (more inland). The composition of both δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N in sediments was also higher at Qi’ao (?26.52‰ to ?23.83‰ and 6.25‰ to 11.53‰, respectively) as compared to Nansha (?29.30‰ to ?27.43‰ and 3.34‰ to 4.73‰, respectively). Overall, the exotic plants S. alterniflora and S. apetala at Qi’ao and S. apetala and L. racemosa at Nansha had an average δ¹⁵N composition significantly higher than that of the native plants A. corniculatum and A. aureum. This suggests that the three exotic plants employ a different mechanism of δ¹⁵N storage and utilisation as compared to the two native mangrove species, which may result in changes in ecological and biogeochemical processes in these coast wetlands.     

废弃Mg(OH)2/AC焙烧产物对染料吸附性能研究

吸附染料后的废弃Mg(OH)2/AC复合材料经高温焙烧得到MgO/AC复合材料,研究了制备MgO/AC的最佳焙烧条件,采用差热-热重、BET比表面积测定、X射线衍射(XRD)等技术对其进行表征,考察了MgO/AC对弱酸性艳蓝RAWL的吸附及再生性能.结果表明,伪二级动力学和Langmuir模型更适合描述MgO/AC对弱酸性艳蓝RAWL的吸附过程.4次再生后的MgO/AC对弱酸性艳蓝RAWL吸附能力仍可达到新鲜MgO/AC的1.08倍,是新鲜Mg(OH)2/AC吸附能力的2.11倍,为印染废水处理提供了廉价高效的吸附剂.     

氢氧化镁对剩余污泥碱性发酵及脱水性能的影响

剩余污泥厌氧发酵可产出短链脂肪酸(SCFAs)发酵液用作碳源时,可改善污水脱氮除磷效果,但发酵液中的氮磷会增加污水厂的氮磷负荷.此研究分别采用Mg(OH)2和NaOH调节剩余污泥厌氧发酵时的pH值,考察Mg(OH)2能否促进剩余污泥碱性发酵同时去除发酵液中的氨氮和磷,及其对发酵后污泥脱水性能的影响.结果表明:Mg(OH)2可促进剩余污泥碱性发酵,发酵液最大SCFAs含量为2336.3mgCOD/L,同时Mg(OH)2能去除发酵液中的磷,在发酵的第4d,其磷含量接近0;Mg(OH)2调节碱性发酵后的剩余污泥脱水性能优于NaOH调节的,前者剩余污泥毛细吸水时间(CST)较后者短42.3s.     

福建九龙江下游潮间带沉积物铅污染及同位素示踪

通过分析九龙江下游潮间带23个表层沉积物及周边地区典型端元组分的铅含量和铅同位素组成(206Pb/207Pb和208Pb/206Pb),以评估铅的空间分布,并采用铅同位素二元和三元混合模型探讨铅来源及各源的相对贡献率.结果表明,九龙江下游潮间带表层沉积物中铅含量范围为38.50~128.50mg/kg(平均80.60mg/kg),地质累积指数法、富集系数法和潜在生态危害指数法评价结果表明研究区沉积物中的铅为轻度~中等污染与轻度潜在生态危害.沉积物铅同位素组成中206Pb/207Pb和208Pb/206Pb的范围分别为1.1651~1.1924和1.9640~2.1071,大多数采样点处沉积物中的铅主要来源于九龙江上游铅锌矿和土壤母质,受汽车尾气的影响很小;九龙江河口上端沉积物Pb主要来源为铅锌矿、土壤母质和燃煤,相对贡献率范围分别为26.74%~56.61%、18.85%~19.91%和24.20%~58.53%;九龙江河口外端沉积物Pb主要来源有铅锌矿、土壤母质、燃煤和船舶油漆,相对贡献率分别为20.06%、13.75%、7.52%和58.67%;其余采样点处Pb主要来源为铅锌矿和土壤母质,相对贡献率范围分别为20.00%~95.62%和4.38%~80.00%.     

安徽淮北矿区地表水氮的富营养化特征及来源解析

为探索淮北临涣矿区地表水体中氮的分布和来源,采集研究区河流和沉陷积水区样品,测试分析其水化学指标和氮、氧同位素特征值,并采用IsoSource模型计算不同端源氮的污染贡献率。结果表明:研究区地表水处于中度富营养化状态,矿区地表水中氮的输入源受含氮肥料、土壤有机氮和粪肥污水共同影响,所发生的硝化及反硝化作用微弱;矿区河水中氮的主要输入源为粪肥污水,贡献率达66.6%,沉陷积水区氮主要受含氮肥料输入的影响,贡献率达52.0%。     

Stable C and N isotope analysis elucidated the importance of zooplankton in a tropical seagrass bed of Santiago Island,Northwestern Philippines

The role of zooplankton in a tropical seagrass ecosystem was investigated in milkfish farms pollution-impacted and -unimpacted seagrass beds in Santiago Island coral reefs, Northwestern Philippines. The aim was to compare between the two sites: (1) abiotic factors and zooplankton community parameters, and (2) the trophic structure using C and N stable isotopes. Low water (98–119?mV) and sediment (–121 to ?138?mV) Oxidation Reduction Potential values indicated a reducing environment in the impacted site. Zooplankton in the impacted site showed the typical community response to eutrophication (low diversity, but high total abundance due to the dominance of the cyclopoid copepod Oithona oculata), generally few elevated δ¹⁵N values, but a significant shift towards depleted ¹³C due to the organic enrichment of fish-farm feeds. Apart from suggesting a highly complex food web with POM and zooplankton as main food sources in the unimpacted site, the Bayesian mixing model simulation generated reduced complexity in feeding interactions between basal sources, zooplankton, and fish including adults of a key fish species, Siganus fuscescens, in the impacted sites. In this study, C and N stable isotope analysis has clarified the importance of zooplankton as fish prey in a seagrass bed food web.     

Correlating the Spatial Distribution of Atmospheric Ammonia with δ15N Values at an Ammonia Release Site

A field ammonia (NH₃) release experiment and open top chambers containing moorland monoliths continuously fumigated with NH₃ or sprayed with NH₄Cl were used to assess the potential for using ¹⁵N values in determining the area of influence around a point NH₃ emission source. ¹⁵N values are being increasingly used as environmental tracers and we tested the hypothesis that the ¹⁵N signal from an NH₃ emission source is observable in nearby vegetation. Using modified monitoring devices, atmospheric NH₃ concentrations were found to decrease with distance from source, with ¹⁵N values also reflecting this trend, producing a signal shift with changing concentration. Open top chamber studies of ¹⁵N values of Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull indicated a correlation with deposition treatments in current year shoots. Analysis of Calluna shoots from the NH₃ release showed a similar trend of ¹⁵N enrichment. Significant linear correlations between ¹⁵N and percent N in plant material were found, both in the controlled conditions of the open top chambers and at the NH₃ release site, illustrating the possible use of this technique in N deposition biomonitoring.     

STABLE HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN ISOTOPE COMPOSITION OF PRECIPITATION IN NORTHEASTERN COLORADO1

ABSTRACT: Where data are available, hydrologic studies may use precipitation's stable oxygen and hydrogen isotope composition to investigate streamflow, ground water/surface water interaction, and ground water recharge. Paleoclimate studies utilize the δ¹⁸O_{precipitation}‐T_air relationship, in conjunction with lake sediments, fossils, or old ground waters, for example, to estimate pale‐otemperatures. Ecological studies utilize precipitation and soil water isotope composition to track moisture uptake in plants, and to trace species migration patterns. Such studies require that the isotopic composition of precipitation be known. Oxygen‐18 (δ¹⁸O) and deuterium (δ²H) data for precipitation are lacking in the semi‐arid portion of the north‐central U.S. Great Plains, and thus there is a need to establish additional meteoric water lines as isotope input functions across the region, as well as to develop better understanding of the isotopic climate linkages that control oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratios in precipitation. This study determined the δ¹⁸O and δ²H composition of precipitation in the Pawnee Grasslands of northeastern Colorado from 1994 through 1998 using archived National Atmospheric Deposition Program samples. The resulting local water line follows the relationship δ²H = 7.86 δ¹⁸O‐7.66, and the data show a δ¹⁸O_weekly ‐ T_weekly relationship of δ¹⁸O = 0.560‐T (°C)‐18.8.