黔中喀斯特石漠化区不同小生境常见木本植物水分来源特征

选择黔中清镇市王家寨小流域内不同石漠化植物群落,通过分析测定喀斯特小生境内5种常见木本植物,鼠李、火棘、烟管荚蒾、圆果化香和云贵鹅耳枥与其潜在水源稳定性氢氧同位素组成,研究植物水分来源特征,并通过线性混合模型确定水源贡献比,探讨喀斯特小生境植物水分利用对石漠化过程的适应与响应。结果表明:多数情况下,研究区不同小生境内各植物种在雨季同时利用土壤水和表层岩溶带水,对土壤水的利用比例大于表层岩溶带水。各植物种对表层岩溶带水的利用比例随着石漠化的进行而减小。常绿灌木火棘、鼠李和烟管荚蒾在轻度、无石漠化样地同时利用土壤水和表层岩溶带水,但在中、强度石漠化则多利用土壤水,落叶小乔木圆果化香和云贵鹅耳枥在无石漠化同时利用土壤水和表层岩溶带水,而在轻度石漠化样地仅利用土壤水,这跟不同样地植被类型、干扰方式、土壤情况及裂隙发育等不同有关。     

Assessment of the sources and transformations of nitrogen in a plain river network region using a stable isotope approach

The great spatial and temporal variability in hydrological conditions and nitrogen(N)processing introduces large uncertainties to the identification of N sources and quantifying N cycles in plain river network regions. By combining isotopic data with chemical and hydrologic measurements, we determined the relative importance of N sources and biogeochemical N processes in the Taige River in the East Plain Region of China. The river was polluted more seriously by anthropogenic inputs in winter than in summer. Manure and urban sewage effluent were the main nitrate(NO-3) sources, with the nitrification of N-containing organic materials serving as another important source of NO-3. In the downstream, with minor variations in hydrological conditions, nitrification played a more important role than assimilation for the decreasing ammonium(NH+4-N) concentrations.The N isotopic enrichment factors(ε) during NH+4utilization ranged from- 13.88‰ in March to- 29.00‰ in July. The ratio of the increase in δ18O and δ15N of river NO-3in the downstream was 1.04 in January and 0.92 in March. This ratio indicated that NO-3assimilation by phytoplankton was responsible for the increasing δ15N and δ18O values of NO-3in winter. The relationships between δ15N of particulate organic nitrogen and isotopic compositions of dissolved inorganic nitrogen indicated that the phytoplankton in the Taige River probably utilized NH+4preferentially and mainly in summer, while in winter, NO-3assimilation by phytoplankton was dominant.     

西南喀斯特农业区大气降水化学及硫同位素组成特征

西南酸雨区属于中国重要的酸雨区,为了理解其中喀斯特农业区酸雨成因及其变化趋势,本研究于2016年5月至2017年9月在中国科学院普定喀斯特生态系统观测研究站进行了大气降水采集(n=147),分析了其水化学成分和硫酸盐硫同位素组成(δ~(34)S-SO_4~(2-))。结果表明,研究区内710%的降水为非酸性雨水(pH56),降水中SO_4~(2-)和Ca~(2+)为主要离子,分别占总阴、阳离子浓度的781%和566%。与研究区2008年降水中硫酸盐浓度(加权平均浓度为1406μmol/L)相比,本次采样期间降水中SO_4~(2-)浓度(加权平均浓度为989μmol/L)显著降低。在研究期间,降水δ~(34)S-SO_4~(2-)为-65‰～212‰,加权平均值为13‰±62‰,与贵阳2008～2009年降水δ~(34)S-SO_4~(2-)(平均值-28‰±14‰)相比有所升高,说明研究区降水硫酸盐中来自工业燃煤排放的贡献降低。研究区降水化学组分和δ34S-SO_4~(2-)均受到降雨量的影响,随着降水量减小,SO_4~(2-)浓度升高,δ~(34)S-SO_4~(2-)则下降,工业燃煤对雨水中硫酸盐的贡献也增加。西南喀斯特农业区大气硫酸盐沉降介于城市和森林之间,季节变化明显,受控于工业燃煤排放和生物成因硫释放。该研究表明优化产业结构,降低工业燃煤,可进一步优化大气环境。     

成都次降水稳定氢氧同位素特征及水汽来源分析

基于对成都地区2016年9月至2017年10月采集的113场次降水样品氢氧同位素的分析,发现大气次降水中δD、δ~(18)O、~(17)O、d-excess和~(17)O-excess有显著的季节性变化,旱季高雨季低,反映了该地区旱、雨两季水汽来源不同;地区大气降水线斜率和截距都偏小,表明成都降水来源于具有不同稳定同位素比率的源地,且雨滴在降落过程中发生了二次蒸发;三氧同位素大气降水线(δ'~(17)O=0. 528 9δ'~(18)O+0. 007 5)斜率介于海洋气团(0. 529)与干空气(0. 518)之间,表明成都地区处于海洋气团向内陆迁移的路径上; d值接近全球平均值,而~(17)O-excess值远较海水大,表明成都的水汽来源由海洋气团主导,且到达该地区的过程中同位素经历了严重的富集; d-excess在旱季出现的极低值可能是受到了人工降雨的影响,~(17)O-excess除了与水汽源地的相对湿度有关外,还会受到上游气团对流作用的影响,此外,成都当地的气象因素对不同季节次降水的~(17)O-excess值有不同程度的影响.     

基于碳氮同位素的澜沧江水库TOC来源差异性分析

水库建设所导致的生态问题正引发前所未有的深度思考,梯级水库在时间和空间尺度上的影响效应更加值得探究.为揭示新老水库有机碳分布特征及其沉积物TOC来源的差异,于2017年11月采集了苗尾、功果桥和大朝山这3个不同时期建设的水库的水样和沉积物样柱.测定了水体的温度(T)、溶解氧(DO)、总有机碳含量(TOC)、沉积物总有机碳(TOC)、氧化还原电位(ORP)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)等指标,并利用15N和13C同位素,结合Iso Source软件,解析沉积物中TOC来源及其来源物质对相应水库沉积物中TOC的贡献量,从而探究其内在的碳循环机制和梯级水库演进模式.结果表明,苗尾、功果桥和大朝山水库水体有机碳质量浓度平均值分别为0. 95、1. 97和4. 64 mg·L-1.对应水库沉积物中有机碳含量变化范围分别为4. 41～81. 63、18. 30～28. 42和9. 16～14. 46 g·kg-1.水库的梯级建设,使得新老水库的沉积物来源,周围补给等出现差异,使得新老水库TOC出现巨大差异.对于水体TOC,水体热力学状态和溶解氧的差异从而间接影响了水体中TOC的分布趋势.沉积物中主要考虑生源要素的影响,即沉积环境对有机质的保存能力是造成DCS、MV和GGQ沉积物垂向分布有差异的主要原因.而梯级水库的演进模式中,MV时空尺度上处于第一级段,是以累积上游来流TOC为主; GGQ处于第二级段,是以主要消耗分解上游来流TOC; DCS处于第三级段,是以主要积累水库周边TOC来源.     

河南省部分市售农用化肥中溶解性离子浓度及同位素组成

农用化学肥料提供作物生长所需营养元素,不能被吸收的组分滞留在土壤中,对周围地表水和地下水水质构成潜在影响.农用化肥中元素含量以及稳定同位素组成常用来衡量和计算其对地表水和地下水硝酸盐和硫酸盐污染的贡献.但农用化肥种类繁多,其水溶性离子浓度及同位素组成尚不清楚.在收集河南省内部分市售农用化肥基础上,通过分析水溶态化肥(1 g农用化肥溶解于1 L纯水)离子浓度及溶解性硫酸盐(SO₄^2-)硫和氧同位素(δ³⁴S和δ¹⁸O)及固体化肥中总氮(TN)含量和氮同位素(δ¹⁵N),说明农用化肥元素和同位素组成特征.结果表明,化肥溶液pH值范围3.6～10.2,均值为6.7±1.5 (n=30,1σ),溶解态SO₄^2-和硝酸盐(NO^-₃)浓度范围分别为4.38～827.29 mg·L^-1和1.34～208.90 mg·L^-1,ρ(SO₄     

中国季风区降水构成对降水中稳定同位素的影响：以长沙为例

降水构成是指对流或平流降水量在总降水量中所占比例,不同的降水构成对降水稳定同位素的丰度会产生重要的影响。基于长沙地区实测的日降水稳定同位素数据和GNIP月降水同位素数据,对不同时间尺度、不同季节时段以及不同降水强度下降水构成对降水中稳定同位素影响的变化特征进行分析和比较,旨在揭示不同的降水构成对降水中稳定同位素影响的差异,深化对季风区降水形成过程中稳定同位素变化规律的认识。结果表明：云中对流强度的差异造成了不同季节对流降水量占总降水量的比例（convective precipitation fraction,CPF）与总降水量之间相关关系的差异。在日和月时间尺度下,在暖半年,CPF随总降水量的增大而减小,而在冷半年,CPF随总降水量的增大而增大。无论是在暖半年还是在冷半年,日时间尺度下长沙站降水中的δ¹⁸O随CPF增大不断偏正。在月时间尺度下,包括长沙站在内的中国季风区大部,降水中δ¹⁸O与CPF均呈正相关。由于不同季节对流活动的强度不同会造成降水构成的不同,也使得相对于暖半年,冷半年时段降水构成对降水中稳定同位素的影响要强于降水量效应的影响,因此在冷半年长沙地区δ¹¹⁸O—CPF线性回归方程的斜率随降水强度的增大而增大,而在暖半年,δ¹⁸O—CPF斜率随降水强度的增大而减小。     

地方性氟中毒环境地球化学病因的探讨

 氟中毒的发生与饮用水中氟离子的含量成正相关，但发病率的轻重又受到钙、镁离子的控制。研究表明：我国南方氟病地区青少年氟斑牙的发生，并非完全由煤烟氟污染玉米所致，而与南方平均气温高，病区人群长期大量饮用含氟和钙、镁离子偏低的水有关，特别是很少食用煤烟氟污染玉米的城市，这种相关性显得更加明显。     

The lead content and isotopic composition of british coals and their implications for past and present releases of lead to the UK environment

More than 60 coal samples, predominantly from the principal coalfields of England and Wales (25) and Scotland (30), were analysed for lead by AAS and for stable lead isotopes by ICPMS. While the average lead content of Scottish coal, 23.9mg kg^–1, was more than double that of coal from England and Wales, 11.0mg kg^–1, the corresponding mean ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb ratios (± 1 s.d.) were nearly identical, at 1.181±0.011 and 1.184±0.006, respectively. In the light of the lead isotopic signatures of British coals and of both indigenous (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb 1.17) and imported Australian (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb 1.04) lead ores, an approach based on estimated lead emissions from these sources and the deconvolution of the historical lead and ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb records preserved in lake sediments, peat bogs and archival herbage material indicates that coal combustion became an increasingly significant contributor to atmospheric lead deposition in the UK during the period 1830–1930, especially after the onset of Englands decline as a major location of lead mining and smelting in the late19th Century. Since 1930 and the introduction of leaded petrol, the atmospheric ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb ratio in the UK has been strongly influenced by carexhaust emissions of comparatively ²⁰⁶Pbdepleted lead of predominantly Australian origin, counterbalanced to some extent by coalcombustion emissions of lead, although these have fallen dramatically since the mid1950s. Nevertheless, with the introduction and substantial uptake of unleaded petrol in the UK during the last decade, even the declining releases from coal, along with contributions from other sources, are continuing to affect the atmospheric lead content and ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb ratio.     

Changes in nutrient content and stable isotope ratios of C and N during decomposition of seagrasses and mangrove leaves along a nutrient availability gradient in Florida Bay, USA

The decomposition of the mangrove Rhizophora mangle and the seagrass Thalassia testudinum was examined using litterbags along a natural gradient in nutrient availability. Seagrass leaves had a higher fraction of their biomass in the labile pool (57%), compared to mangrove leaves (36%) and seagrass rhizomes (29%); the overall decomposition rates of the starting material reflected the fractionation into labile and refractory components. There was no relationship between the N or P content of the starting material and the decomposition rate.

Nutrient availability had no influence on decomposition rate, and mass was lost at the same rate from litterbags that were buried in the sediment and litterbags that were left on the sediment surface. The dynamics of N and P content during decomposition varied as a function of starting material and burial state. N content of decomposing mangrove leaves increased, but seagrass rhizomes decreased in N content during decomposition while there was no change in seagrass leaf N content. These same general patterns held for P content, but buried seagrass leaves increased in P content while surficial leaves decreased. δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N changed by as much as 2‰ during decomposition.