多种方法识别青岛大沽河平原区地下水硝酸盐污染来源

硝酸盐是地下水中最常见的一种污染物,其来源的确定对于硝酸盐污染的治理非常重要.大沽河是山东半岛主要河流之一,其地下水含水层是重要的饮用水来源,但近年硝酸盐含量普遍很高,除了少数位置外,都超过了中华人民共和国国家标准,有必要对其污染来源进行研究.采用N同位素、N-O同位素和卤化物比率3种方法综合确定了硝酸盐污染来源.研究发现:该区地下水的N同位素比率值表明76%的取样点的硝酸盐来源与粪肥、污水、大气沉降、化肥和土壤N有关;氮氧同位素的结果显示80%的硝酸盐污染源为粪便或污水;卤化物比率也证明了这一来源.这和该区蔬菜生产大量施用粪肥和化肥进行农业种植是一致的,两者的混合施用使同位素比率和卤化物比率偏高,硝酸盐的主要污染来源是化肥和粪肥.多种方法相结合能够更准确地确定地下水硝酸盐的污染来源.     

人工合成铁、铝矿物和镁铝双金属氧化物对土壤砷的钝化效应

应用室内模拟培养的方法,研究了人工合成铁、铝矿物和镁铝双金属氧化物对砷超标土壤中砷的钝化效果.每种钝化剂均设置0.1％、0.5％、1.0％、2.5％和5.0％五个添加量处理.结果表明,添加水铝矿明显降低了土壤pH值,其中,添加5％水铝矿的处理降幅最大,达到1.20;而添加镁铝双金属氧化物则显著提高了土壤pH值,5％镁铝双金属氧化物的处理土壤pH值由5.04最高可提高至8.09.添加铁铝矿物均降低了土壤有效砷的含量,下降幅度为1.89％～64.15％;而添加镁铝双金属氧化物则使土壤有效砷含量增加;添加水铁矿和针铁矿处理对提高土壤中残留态砷含量的作用较为明显.总体看来,两种人工合成铁矿较镁铝双金属氧化物和水铝矿对土壤中砷有更好的钝化效果,可以作为钝化剂应用于土壤中砷的钝化.     

Mercury bioaccumulation in aquatic biota along a salinity gradient in the Saint John River estuary

Although estuaries are critical habitats for many aquatic species, the spatial trends of toxic methylmercury(MeHg) in biota from fresh to marine waters are poorly understood. Our objective was to determine if MeHg concentrations in biota changed along a salinity gradient in an estuary. Fourspine Stickleback(Apeltes quadracus), invertebrates(snails,amphipods, and chironomids), sediments, and water were collected from ten sites along the Saint John River estuary, New Brunswick, Canada in 2015 and 2016, with salinities ranging from 0.06 to 6.96. Total mercury(proxy for MeHg) was measured in whole fish and MeHg was measured in a subset of fish, pooled invertebrates, sediments, and water. Stable sulfur(δ~(34)S), carbon(δ~(13) C), and nitrogen(δ~(15)N) isotope values were measured to assess energy sources(S, C) and relative trophic level(N). There were increases in biotic δ~(13)C and δ~(34)S from fresh to more saline sites and these measures were correlated with salinity.Though aqueous MeHg was higher at the freshwater than more saline sites, only chironomid MeHg increased significantly with salinity. In the Saint John River estuary, there was little evidence that MeHg and its associated risks increased along a salinity gradient.     

分光光度法测定环境水样中镁的研究

研究了4-(2-羟基-4-硝基苯偶氮)-1-苯基-3-甲基吡唑啉酮(HNAPMP)与镁的显色反应,在硼砂—氢氧化钠(pH=10)缓冲介质中,乳化剂-OP存在下,HNAPMP与镁反应生成2∶1稳定络合物,λmax为525nm,ε为3 63×104L·mol-1·cm-1。镁含量在0—0 8mg/L内符合比耳定律,方法用于环境水样中镁的测定,结果令人满意。     

Analytical model for site-specific isotope fractionation in 13C during sorption: determination by isotopic 13C NMR spectrometry with vanillin as model compound

The aim of this study was to conceive a reactive transport model capable of providing quantitative site-specific enrichment factors for fractionation in ¹³C isotopic content during sorption. As test compound the model treats vanillin, for which the ¹³C isotopic content at natural abundance at each of the 8 carbon positions can be measured by quantitative ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. This technique determines the isotope ratios with a resolution better than ±1‰ (0.1%) at each carbon position. Site-specific isotope fractionations were recorded in chromatography column experiments with silica RP-18 as stationary phase. The one dimensional reactive transport model accounted for the sorption/desorption behavior of 8 individual ¹³C-isotopomers and one ¹²C-isotopomer of vanillin and reproduced satisfactorily the bulk (average over the whole compound) fractionation observed during elution. After model calibration, the enrichment factors were fitted for each carbon site where a significant fractionation was recorded. To show the interest of such a transport model for environmental studies, the model, extended to three dimensions, was exploited to simulate reactive transport in an aquifer. These results show that significant ¹³C isotope fractionation is expected for 4 out of 8 ¹³C-isotopomers in vanillin, and illustrate that bulk isotope ratios measured by conventional compound specific isotope analysis and mass spectrometry would hardly document significant isotope fractionations in vanillin. It is concluded that modeling of site-specific isotope ratios in molecules is a priori feasible and may help to quantify unknown processes in the environment.     

青海湖沙柳河流域不同时期地表水与地下水的相互作用

氢氧稳定同位素技术是研究地表水和地下水相互作用的有效手段。依据青海湖沙柳河流域2018年消融期、多雨期和冰冻期所收集的降水、河水和地下水样品中对氢氧同位素组成(δD、δ18O)的测定结果,识别和量化不同时期高山草原带和高山草甸带地表水和地下水间的补给关系和比例,其目的旨在明确高寒内陆河流域地表水和地下水δD和δ18O受降水影响的时空差异。结果表明:青海湖沙柳河流域地表水和地下水δD和δ18O值受降水响应存在时空差异性,δD和δ18O值在消融期受降水影响最强,冰冻期最弱;在高山草甸带δD和δ18O值受降水的影响强于高山草原带。消融期的高山草甸带、高山草原带和冰冻期的高山草原带地表水补给地下水的比例分别为80.65%、93.36%和89.44%;多雨期的高山草甸带、高山草原带和冰冻期的高山草甸带地下水补给地表水的比例分别为44.50%、74.85%和88.58%。研究结果可为该流域水资源优化配置和管理提供科学依据。     

A century-long trend of metal pollution in the Sheyang River,on the coast of Jiangsu (China), reconstructed from sedimentary record

In order to reveal the historical context of metal element accumulation under the economic boom during the last decades in eastern China, concentrations of nine metal elements, radionuclides (²¹⁰Pb), Pb isotope ratios (²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb) and sedimentary characteristics were investigated in two sediment cores collected from the Sheyang River. The sediments have recorded the heavy metal deposition and thus allow establishing a connection between the temporal evolution of the heavy metal pollution and historical changes in industrial and urban discharges. Enrichment factors (EFs) were calculated to estimate the level of contamination in these sediments. A significant anthropogenic enrichment of Cu, Ni, Pb, Cr and Zn was highlighted, which were identified from anthropogenic discharges from cities and industrial sources, according to a cluster analysis. According to the annual variation in GDP growth rate, industrial growth rate, ratio of ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb and EFs, it was obvious that sedimentary accumulation of metals has a close relationship with anthropogenic activities. In the pre-industrial period, natural inputs prevailed with lower EF and constant ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb ratios around 0.82. However, during 1980–1995, the rapid industrial development caused a gradual increase in EFs and ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb (>0.83). Our results disinterred the evolution of anthropogenic metal inputs in the last century into the Sheyang River.     

Using biochemical and isotopic tracers to characterise organic matter sources and their incorporation into estuarine food webs (Rufiji delta,Tanzania)

Fatty acid biomarkers and stable isotope signatures were used to identify the sources of particulate and sedimentary organic matter and its input into the food web through the dominant consumer within the mangrove-dominated Rufiji estuary, Tanzania. Specific fatty acids were used to identify the preferred basal sources of dominant fauna (i.e. filter feeder bivalves, snails, crabs, shrimps, and three fish species), and their presence in the water and sediment samples in the estuary. Both fatty acid and stable isotope results revealed that food web in the Rufiji estuary depended on a variety of carbon sources (mangroves, allochthonous terrestrial inputs, macroalgae, and phytoplankton), contributing to a different degree into the diets of primary consumers and members of near-shore fish, but none of them were obligatory for the survival of these species. The δ¹⁵N values of major primary producers and consumers/predators revealed a trend for δ¹⁵N enrichment with increasing trophic level. The ratio of docosahexaenoic acid to eicosapentaenoic acid (DHA:EPA) decreased from pelagic to benthic feeding fish. This indicated that fish with different feeding modes derived their fatty acids from different primary sources of nutrition, and suggested that the DHA:EPA ratio may be a useful indicator of feeding mode.     

镁铁层状双金属氢氧化物对磷酸盐的吸附作用及对内源磷释放的控制效果及机制

为确定镁铁层状双金属氢氧化物(Mg/Fe-LDH)添加对水体内源磷释放的控制效果及机制,本文首先研究了Mg/FeLDH对水中磷酸盐的吸附特征和机制,再研究了其添加对底泥磷吸附能力的影响以及对上覆水和间隙水中磷的影响进而评估了吸附磷酸盐后Mg/Fe-LDH中磷的稳定性.结果发现,与准一级和准二级动力学模型相比,Mg/Fe-LDH对水中磷酸盐的吸附动力学过程更好地满足Elovich模型;与Langmuir模型相比,Freundlich和Dubinin-Radushkevich模型更加适合用于描述Mg/Fe-LDH对水中磷酸盐的等温吸附行为;当溶液pH值为4～10时,吸附容量相对较高,而当pH值由10增加到11时,吸附容量则显著下降;共存Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺对吸附起促进作用,Na⁺和Cl^-的影响可以忽略不计,而SO₄^2-和HCO₃^-则对吸附起负面影响.阴离子交换、静电吸引、配位体交换和内层配合物形成是Mg/Fe-LDH吸...     

CO2和O3体积分数升高对银杏希尔反应活力和叶绿体ATP酶活性的影响

近年来,随着温室气体体积分数不断上升,研究CO2和O3体积分数升高对植物的影响已取得一定进展,但二者对植物的复合作用及生理研究不够深入。文章利用开顶式气室研究了大气CO2和O3体积分数升高对银杏(Ginkgo biloba L.)光合特性的影响。结果表明,在整个生长季内,与对照相比,在大气CO2体积分数为700×10-6条件下,银杏叶片净光合速率显著增加(P<0.05),希尔反应活力增大,Ca2 /Mg2 -ATPase活性增强,光合产物可溶性糖和淀粉含量增多;而在O3体积分数为80×10-9的情况下,银杏叶片净光合速率下降,希尔反应活力减小,Ca2 /Mg2 -ATPase活性减弱,光合产物可溶性糖和淀粉含量减少;在CO2和O3复合作用(700×10-6 80×10-9)条件下,银杏叶片净光合速率、希尔反应活力、可溶性糖和淀粉均有所增加,且淀粉含量增加极显著(P<0.01),而Ca2 -ATPase活性先增强后减弱,Mg2 -ATPase活性先减弱后增强。说明CO2可缓解O3对银杏的负效应,而O3亦对CO2的正效应有削弱作用。