Effect of source variability and transport processes on carbon isotope ratios of TCE and PCE in two sandy aquifers

Chlorinated ethenes often migrate over extended distances in aquifers and may originate from different sources. The aim of this study was to determine whether stable carbon isotope ratios remain constant during dissolution and transport of chlorinated ethenes and whether the ratios can be used to link plumes to their sources. Detailed depth-discrete delineation of the carbon isotope ratio in a tetrachloroethene (PCE) plume and in a trichloroethene (TCE) plume was done along cross-sections orthogonal to groundwater flow in two sandy aquifers in the Province of Ontario, Canada. At the TCE site, TCE concentrations up to solubility were measured in one high concentration zone close to the bottom of the aquifer from where dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) was collected. A laboratory experiment using the DNAPL indicated that only very small carbon isotope fractionation occurs during dissolution of TCE (0.26 per thousand), which is consistent with field observations. At most sampling points, the delta(13)C of dissolved TCE was similar to that of the DNAPL except for a few sampling points at the bottom of the aquifer close to the underlying aquitard. At these points, a (13)C enrichment of up to 2.4 per thousand was observed, which was likely due to biodegradation and possibly preferential diffusion of TCE with (12)C into the aquitard. In contrast to the TCE site, several distinct zones of high concentration were observed at the PCE site and from zones to zone, the delta(13)C values varied substantially from -24.3 per thousand to -33.6 per thousand. Comparison of the delta(13)C values in the high concentration zones made it possible to divide the plume in the three different domains, each probably representing a different episode and location of DNAPL release. The three different zones could still be distinguished 220 m from the DNAPL sources. This demonstrates that carbon isotope ratios can be used to differentiate between different zones in chlorinated ethene plumes and to link plume zones to their sources. In addition, subtle variations in delta(13)C at plume fringes provided insight into mechanisms of plume spreading in transverse vertical direction. These variations were identified because of the high-resolution provided by the monitoring network.     

氮氧同位素联合稳定同位素模型解析水源地氮源

找出作为优质水源地的水库氮的来源对控制其富营养化问题非常重要.本研究选取杭嘉湖地区的4个水库(青山水库、对河口水库、四岭水库和里畈水库),利用氮、氧同位素技术结合稳定同位素模型(stable isotope analysis in R,SIAR),对水库的硝酸盐(NO_3~-)来源进行了识别并计算了各污染源的贡献率.结果表明,4个水库中存在严重的氮污染,以硝酸盐为主,受人类活动干扰较大的青山水库,污染严重.4个水库86%以上的δ~(18)O值小于10‰,93%样品的δ~(15)N/δ~(18)O值小于1.3,说明水库中硝化反应明显而反硝化作用不显著.4个水库硝酸盐的主要来源是化学肥料和土壤氮,两者的贡献率为75%~82%,种植业面源污染给水源地水库带来的氮污染已非常严重;青山水库硝酸盐的来源还包括贡献率为25%的生活污水及粪肥、贡献率为7%的降水和贡献率为6%的工业废水,说明在人类活动强度大的区域生活污水及粪肥的污染也不可忽视;对河口水库、四岭水库和里畈水库硝酸盐的来源还包括降水,其贡献率分别为21%、24%和15%,可见在人为干扰较少的地区,降水对于水体硝酸盐的影响也不可忽略.     

永定河上游地表水-地下水水化学特征及其成因分析

永定河上游流域是冀西北重要的水源涵养区和生态屏障区,受气候变化和高强度人类活动影响,径流减少和水环境恶化问题日益突出.深入研究自然和人类活动共同影响下的地表水-地下水水化学特征及其成因,可为区域水资源可持续利用提供科学参考.本研究利用（δ²H和δ¹⁸O）氢氧同位素关系明确地表水和地下水来源,并在此基础上结合数理统计和水文地球化学方法,分析水化学特征及其成因.结果表明,地表水和地下水主要来源于降水.受自然因素及人类活动的共同影响,洋河和桑干河流域水化学类型差异显著.整体上,地表水离子浓度表现为：桑干河>洋河.桑干河流域地表水主要阳离子为Na⁺,主要阴离子为Cl^-和SO₄^2-,且水化学类型多样;洋河流域地表水主要阴阳离子分别为HCO₃^-和Ca²⁺,水化学类型分布相对集中.影响地表水水化学的自然因素主要为矿物溶解和蒸发,但人类活动却体现出流域差异,其中桑干河为支流的工业废水排放,而洋河流域为农业生产和城市.然而,由工业废水排放和酸雨输入导致的地表水Cl^-和SO₄^2-浓度持续增加,是地表水资源可持续利用的限制因素.因此,未来桑干河流域地表水资源利用要综合考虑总盐分和水化学组成的影响,而洋河流域主要考虑总盐分的影响.因地制宜地进行地表水资源利用,是永定河上游水资源可持续利用和恢复地下水位行之有效的措施.     

磁性Mg/Al-LDHs制备条件对其吸附除磷性能的影响

为提高粉末状水滑石吸附剂的工程应用性,采用共沉淀法制备了磁性Mg/Al水滑石(Layered Double Hydroxides,LDHs).结合XRD、FTIR、SEM及VSM等材料表征结果,考察了制备条件(磁基质投加量、金属物质的量比和层间阴离子)对其吸附除磷性能、磁学性能及结构特征的影响.结果表明,在Fe_3O_4与Mg~(2+)物质的量比为0.02、Mg/Al物质的量比为2∶1和层间阴离子为Cl~-/OH~-的条件下制备出的磁性Mg/Al-LDHs对TP吸附性能最好,平衡吸附量可达49.60 mg·g~(-1);比饱和磁化强度为2.78 emu·g~(-1),能够实现吸附剂的快速高效磁分离回收.层间阴离子种类对水滑石焙烧前后吸附除磷性能有一定的影响:经高温焙烧后,层间含有CO■的水滑石吸磷能力虽有所提高,但仍低于无CO■型LDHs.因此,在水滑石制备过程中避免使用碳酸盐作为共沉碱原料,这样无需焙烧即可获得较高吸磷能力的吸附剂.     

长江靖江段近岸小型渔业生物碳氮稳定同位素特征分析

长江靖江段是众多洄游性渔业生物的重要栖息地,为进一步的研究和渔业资源评估提供基础生物学资料、掌握该水域食物网结构特征,应用碳、氮稳定同位素技术测定了2016年8月在长江靖江段近岸采集的蟹类、小型鱼类、虾类等渔业生物样品的δ~(13)C值和δ~(15)N值,并由此构建了所采集的各类渔业生物的连续营养谱。结果表明:长江靖江段近岸各类生物中浮游动物的δ~(13)C值最低,为-30.34‰;其次是底栖碎屑的-30.24‰;贝类、水生植物类、鱼类和虾类居中,它们的δ~(13)C值均值分别为-29.75‰±0.75‰、-28.98‰±0.88‰、-26.74‰±2.37‰、-26.1‰±0.16‰;蟹类最高,为-25.86‰±0.74‰。水生植物类的δ~(15)N均值最低,为5.16‰±0.85‰;底栖碎屑其次,为5.58‰;贝类、鱼类、浮游动物和蟹类的δ~(15)N值均居中,δ~(15)N均值分别为8.13‰±0.31‰、11.56‰±1.59‰、12.02‰和12.51‰±1.43‰;虾类的δ~(15)N均值最高,为13.05‰±0.45‰;营养级由低到高依次为:水生植物类、底栖碎屑、贝类、浮游动物、小型鱼类、蟹类和虾类。近岸水域的小型鱼类、蟹类和虾类拥有着比较接近的食物源,生态位重叠较为明显。     

长江水δ~(18)O和δD时空变化特征及其影响因素分析

稳定同位素示踪技术已成为研究河流的水文过程及其变化的重要手段,尤其在河网交错密集和水力关系复杂的长江流域。通过分析枯水期和丰水期长江水及大气降水中δ~(18)O和δD组成的变化,揭示其时空变化特征及其影响因素。结果发现长江流域大气降水δ~(18)O组成表征出明显的空间分布差异特征,长江河源区降水δ~(18)O值最低,随着海拔高度降低降水中δ~(18)O值自长江上游向下游地区逐渐减小,这与流域的水汽来源及海拔高度密切有关;枯水期长江水δ~(18)O和δD值明显要高于丰水期,原因在于丰水期河水受到较弱的蒸发富集作用和大量降水补给影响;无论在丰水期还是枯水期长江水自上游到下游其同位素值呈逐渐增大的趋势,这主要受不同河段支流和湖泊等水体补给的影响。三峡大坝的蓄水和放水过程对河水同位素组成产生一定的影响,丰水期对相应河段河水同位素组成的影响不大,但在枯水期则影响较为明显,这将对充分认识长江流域大气降水-河水-湖水间水力联系与探讨其水资源合理利用提供科学依据。     

长江中下游地区丰水期河、湖水氢氧同位素组成特征

稳定同位素技术在示踪水体的来源、演化及不同水体间相互转化关系、污染源已被广泛地应用.基于2018年7月对长江中下游地区长江干流河水和湖水同位素样品收集,本文分析了长江中下游地区丰水期河水和湖水中δ¹⁸O和δ²H组成特征,在此基础上进一步揭示了其空间上演化特征及其影响因素.结果表明长江干流δ¹⁸O和δ²H值自三峡库区向下游地区呈逐渐增大的变化趋势,这与降水同位素变化密切相关.在三峡库区段与宜昌-城陵矶段河水δ¹⁸O和δ²H值无显著差异,而河水d-excess值波动范围较小.在洞庭湖-江汉和华阳-鄱阳湖湖泊群中湖水δ¹⁸O和δ²H值要贫于太湖-三角洲湖泊群,且太湖-三角洲湖泊群湖水中d-excess值为负值,这主要是太湖-三角洲地区受同位素较为富集的降水和强烈的蒸发作用的影响.在淀山湖和大通湖同位素值最大,洞庭湖和鄱阳湖同位素值偏小,这主要是由于长江与鄱阳湖、洞庭湖直接相通,两湖的水情直接受制于长江影响,水位较高,鄱...     

离子色谱法测定水中主要阳离子

报导了水中阳离子Ｌｉ＾＋，Ｎａ＾＋，Ｋ＾＋，Ｃａ＾２＋〉Ｍｇ＾２＋的离子色谱分析及其分析精密度，准确性和线性范围。与阴离子组分同时测定用于水中离子总量的分析，获得满意结果。     

γ-Fe2O3抗As2O3中毒能力的分子模拟

采用密度泛函理论研究了γ-Fe₂O₃表面As₂O₃的吸附以及掺杂改性提高抗As₂O₃中毒性能的作用机理.计算了As₂O₃在完整以及O缺陷γ-Fe₂O₃（001）表面的吸附性能,包括吸附位点、吸附结构、吸附能、PDOS等.同时建立了Mo、Ti、Mg掺杂的γ-Fe₂O₃模型,探讨了助剂掺杂对抗砷中毒能力的作用机制,并考虑了掺杂量的影响.结果表明：As₂O₃倾向于以O端化学吸附在γ-Fe₂O₃（001）表面Fe_oct位,吸附过程发生强烈的相互作用和电荷转移.当表面存在O缺陷时,As₂O₃的吸附能得到提高.Mo、Ti、Mg倾向于掺杂在Fe_oct位,增强了对As₂O₃的吸附能力,并且增大Mo的掺杂量可以强化As₂O₃的吸附.As₂O₃倾向于与活性较强的Mo、Ti、Mg发生反应,从而保护活性Fe位不受砷中毒,Ti和Mg的掺杂还抑制了相邻Fe位对As₂O₃的吸附.Mo、Ti、Mg的掺杂还促进了催化剂表面对NH₃的吸附,增强了表面酸性强度,有利于SCR反应.Mo、Ti、Mg原子的掺杂有利于提高γ-Fe₂O₃催化剂的抗砷中毒性能.     

Influence of hydrodynamic conditions on the production and fate of Posidonia oceanica in a semi-enclosed shallow basin (Stagnone di Marsala,Western Sicily)

An integrated approach using hydrodynamic and transport numerical models, lepidochronology and stable isotope analysis was used to investigate how local hydrodynamic conditions influence the primary production and fate of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica in a Mediterranean semi-enclosed marine system (Stagnone di Marsala). The water mass exchange aptitude of different sectors of the basin was analysed, and data collected were used to select two sectors (colonized by Posidonia oceanica showing the lowest and highest water exchange values) for biological analyses. According to the mean dispersal coefficient differences simulated by the hydrodynamic model, growth rate and primary production of P. oceanica differed between sectors, with average values lower in the central sector where water exchange is lower than in the southern sector. Although P. oceanica coverage and primary production were higher in the southern sector, carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis suggests that the transfer of seagrass organic matter to higher trophic levels of the food web was higher in the central sector. The possibility of a link between hydrodynamism, production and fate of organic matter is proposed to explain the observed patterns.