TiO2与Cu2O光催化降解对硝基苯酚比较研究

分别采用自制的纳米TiO2和Cu2O研究对硝基苯酚的光催化降解.结果表明,模拟阳光条件下,100mg·l-1对硝基苯酚水溶液的氧化亚铜催化反应半衰期为20.0min,而二氧化钛不具备可见光催化能力;在SGY-1多功能光化学反应器中,TiO2催化降解对硝基苯酚的半衰期是48.1min.产物分析表明,n-型半导体二氧化钛的光催化反应存在两种降解历程,生成二羟基硝基苯或脱除硝基.而p-型半导体氧化亚铜催化的光降解反应未检出脱硝基产物,仅检出1,2-二羟基-4-硝基苯.     

同分异构体喹啉和异喹啉的缺氧降解性能比较

研究了同分异构体的含氮杂环化合物喹啉和异喹啉在缺氧条件下的降解情况,发现两者表现出不同的缺氧降解特性。喹啉可以在缺氧条件下得到有效降解,其缺氧降解的最佳碳氮比为8。在最佳碳氮比条件下,喹啉的缺氧降解过程符合一级动力学规律,在其降解过程中首先以硝酸盐为电子受体,当硝酸盐氮浓度为零时,亚硝酸盐氮浓度达到最高,此后喹啉的降解主要以亚硝酸盐为电子受体,并和亚硝酸盐氮同时达到最低浓度。异喹啉对硝酸盐的利用甚微,其降解主要表现为厌氧降解特征,降解过程符合零级动力学规律。     

乐果好氧降解菌的驯化和筛选

为了获得有效降解有机磷农药乐果的微生物,采用北京大兴黄村施用过乐果的土壤为菌源,以乐果作为唯一碳源和能源分离得到5株对乐果有一定降解能力的细菌。正交实验结果显示:降解菌在温度为40℃,pH值为9,NaCl浓度为0 .5g/L条件下生长良好。     

TiO2薄膜光催化降解双酚A的研究

采用sol-gel法制备TiO2薄膜.以该薄膜为催化剂,研究了在H2O2存在的条件下,对内分泌干扰物质双酚A的光催化降解反应.分别讨论了pH值、H2O2的加入量、双酚A的初始浓度以及光照时间对降解反应的影响.结果表明,在pH=4,30 mg/L的H2O2中对初始浓度为50 mg/L的双酚A溶液光照180 min有较好的降解效果.     

二氧化钛固定化负载及其光催化性能

利用溶胶-凝胶法及浸提技术,进行二氧化钛的固定化负载.通过XRD和SEM对其物相和微观形貌进行分析;利用甲基橙为目标污染物,探究制备以及催化工艺对二氧化钛催化降解性能的影响及其重复使用效果.结果表明,随着浸涂次数的增加,不锈钢丝网表面二氧化钛薄膜的微观形貌有所变化,对甲基橙的光催化降解效率呈现先增大后减少的趋势.浸提7次所制备的二氧化钛光催化降解效率最高,搅拌条件下的4h紫外光降解率可达77.6％.     

Spatial patterns of carbon,biodiversity, deforestation threat,and REDD+ projects in Indonesia

There are concerns that Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) may fail to deliver potential biodiversity cobenefits if it is focused on high carbon areas. We explored the spatial overlaps between carbon stocks, biodiversity, projected deforestation threats, and the location of REDD+ projects in Indonesia, a tropical country at the forefront of REDD+ development. For biodiversity, we assembled data on the distribution of terrestrial vertebrates (ranges of amphibians, mammals, birds, reptiles) and plants (species distribution models for 8 families). We then investigated congruence between different measures of biodiversity richness and carbon stocks at the national and subnational scales. Finally, we mapped active REDD+ projects and investigated the carbon density and potential biodiversity richness and modeled deforestation pressures within these forests relative to protected areas and unprotected forests. There was little internal overlap among the different hotspots (richest 10% of cells) of species richness. There was also no consistent spatial congruence between carbon stocks and the biodiversity measures: a weak negative correlation at the national scale masked highly variable and nonlinear relationships island by island. Current REDD+ projects were preferentially located in areas with higher total species richness and threatened species richness but lower carbon densities than protected areas and unprotected forests. Although a quarter of the total area of these REDD+ projects is under relatively high deforestation pressure, the majority of the REDD+ area is not. In Indonesia at least, first‐generation REDD+ projects are located where they are likely to deliver biodiversity benefits. However, if REDD+ is to deliver additional gains for climate and biodiversity, projects will need to focus on forests with the highest threat to deforestation, which will have cost implications for future REDD+ implementation.     

Acceleration of the particulate organic matter hydrolysis by start-up stage recovery and its original microbial mechanism

• Carbon availability was partially solved by POM recovery and fermentation. • 12% carbon sources were regenerated by fermentation of the entrapped 35% TCOD. • The unique microbial communities facilitated the efficient hydrolysis of the POM. • Considerable economic benefits in aeration power and ECS dosage were anticipated. To address the availability of carbon sources for denitrification, the accelerated hydrolysis of the most abundant but low-availability fraction of particulate organic matter (POM) was investigated. Mesh sieves with different pore sizes were used as primary pretreatment at the start-up-stage of the biological process to separate some POM from the liquid system. The changes in soluble carbohydrates and proteins were monitored to investigate the hydrolysis performance of the sieved POM, with waste activated sludge (WAS) as the control test. The results showed that an average of 35% POM could be entrapped before filtrate mat development. In addition, benefiting from the high polysaccharides concentration, as well as the high availability due to the relatively loose physical structure, a 23% hydrolysis efficiency of POM was obtained, in contrast to that of WAS (3.4%), with a hydrolysis constant of 0.39 h⁻¹. The prominent performance was also attributed to the unique microbial communities having been domesticated at a lower temperature, especially the cellulose-degrading bacteria Paraclostridium and psychrophile Psychrobacter, making up 6.94% and 2.56%, respectively. Furthermore, the potential benefits and application of improved POM hydrolysis by start-up stage recovery via mesh sieves combined with anaerobic fermentation were evaluated, including selective POM entrapment, alleviation of blockage and wear, and a reduction in aeration energy. By the proposed strategy, carbon availability for biological nutrient removal (BNR) processes is anticipated to be improved more economically than that can be achieved by primary clarifier elimination.     

环糊精键合Fe-TAML催化剂的制备及其活化H2O2氧化水中有机微污染物

为了提高Fe-TAML催化剂的稳定性和催化活性,通过磺酰氯化反应、金属螯合反应和亲核取代反应等方法将Fe-TAML与环糊精(CD)以共价键形式结合,制备了单-6-氧-CD键合Fe-TAML催化剂(CD-Fe-TAML).开展了CD-Fe-TAML的催化活性、稳定性测试及其活化H₂O₂氧化降解水中抗生素和农药等34种有机微污染物研究.与Fe-TAML相比,CD-Fe-TAML在pH为7.0条件下活化H₂O₂生成高价铁的速率提高49倍,对底物的催化降解速率提高25倍,且其自氧化速率降低70%.CD-Fe-TAML在pH为3.0～10.0范围内的稳定性比Fe-TAML的稳定性提高0.7～699倍,其中,在pH为3.0～7.0范围内提高33～699倍.CD-Fe-TAML的分子结构中的磺酸基官能团具有吸电子效应,能增加活性中心中Fe离子的正电荷密度,不仅加快H₂O₂的过氧键裂解和高价铁物种的生成,提高Fe-TAML的催化活性,还能提高其水解稳定性.同时,分子结构中...     

MIL-88A@MIP催化活化过硫酸盐靶向降解邻苯二甲酸二丁酯

本实验首次合成了以金属有机骨架MIL-88A作为前驱体,采用分子印迹法改性后的催化剂MIL-88A@MIP,并通过X射线衍射仪(XRD),扫描电镜(SEM)以及EDS能谱和氮气吸附对催化剂进行表征分析.以造纸废水中邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)作为目标污染物,探究该催化剂活化过硫酸盐(PS)产生SO_4~-·的能力.对比前驱体MIL-88A,靶向改性有效地提高了MIL-88A@MIP的催化活性,在反应480 min后,DBP的去除率高达80.4%.影响因素实验表明该催化剂的最佳活化条件为:PS∶DBP=600∶1、MIL-88A@MIP投加量0.5 g·L~(-1)、体系中pH为3.26.此外,探究了MIL-88A@MIP对于催化PS降解不同污染物的能力,其结果表明该催化剂对于邻苯二甲酸酯类(PAEs)物质均有降解效果,体现了其靶向选择性.     

巢湖湖滨带植被特征及其退化原因分析研究

于2009年和2010年对巢湖湖滨带植被进行了详细踏查,结果表明:(1)植被群落结构单一,多样性较差,大都集中分布于浅水、河口、滩地,受水质和水位影响显著;(2)挺水植物有5科6属6种,以芦苇(Phrag-mites australis)为优势种;(3)浮叶植物3科3属3种;以野菱(Trapa incisa)和荇菜(Nymphoides peltatum)为优势种;(4)漂浮植物2科2属2种;主要是凤眼莲(Eichhornia crassipes)和浮萍(Lemna minor);(5)沉水植物4科5属8种;以马来眼子菜(Potamogeton malaianus)为优势种;(6)湿生和陆生植物27科76属101种;以禾本科为主,菊科、蓼科植物次之。调查结果与历史资料(1954年-2007年)对比,得出巢湖流域土地利用格局、江湖建闸等水利工程、围湖造田与堤坝建设等人为活动以及富营养化与蓝藻水华等综合因素严重破坏了巢湖湖滨带健康的生态系统,加剧了湖滨带植被的衰退。本研究可为巢湖湖滨带植被的恢复提供理论指导。