Projected Changes in Discharge in an Agricultural Watershed in Iowa

Our improved capability to adapt to the future changes in discharge is linked to our capability to predict the magnitude or at least the direction of these changes. For the agricultural United States Midwest, too much or too little water has severe socioeconomic impacts. Here, we focus on the Raccoon River at Van Meter, Iowa, and use a statistical approach to examine projected changes in discharge. We build on statistical models using rainfall and harvested corn and soybean acreage to explain the observed discharge variability. We then use projections of these two predictors to examine the projected discharge response. Results are based on seven global climate models part of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 and two representative concentration pathways (RCPs 4.5 and 8.5). There is not a strong signal of change in the discharge projections under the RCP 4.5. However, the results for the RCP 8.5 point to a stronger changing signal related to larger projected increases in rainfall, resulting in increased trends, in particular, in the upper part of the discharge distribution (i.e., 60th percentile and above). Examination of two hypothetical agricultural scenarios indicates that these increasing trends could be alleviated by decreasing the extent of the agricultural production. We also discuss how the methodology presented in this study represents a viable approach to move forward with the concept of return period for engineering design and management in a nonstationary world.     

成都市新都区城市主干道挥发性有机物分布特征研究

选择新都区的部分城市主干道两侧大气中VOCs(挥发性有机物)含量进行检测,了解新都区城区空气质量,分析车流量、降水、温度等条件对不同道路类型(相对宽阔型、高层峡谷型、交叉口道路)两侧空气中VOCs浓度的影响.车流量是影响VOCs浓度偏高的主要原因,一天不同时段的浓度变化呈双峰型,高浓度出现在早晨和傍晚.大气降水会使VOCs浓度降低,温度对其影响不大,温度的骤降通常伴随降水,使VOCs浓度下降,不同道路类型其下降的幅度存在差异,相对开阔型下降幅度最大.夏季,不同道路类型两侧空气中VOCs浓度的趋势相似,浓度差异大;在冬季三种道路类型两侧空气中VOCs浓度的趋势相同,浓度差异小.     

近40年阿克苏河流域径流变化特征及影响因素研究

利用1961—2000年近40a的气温、降水、冻土深度等逐月资料及年蒸发量资料和20世纪50年代初或中期建站起到90年代中期径流逐月实测资料．分析20世纪下半期阿克苏河流域径流变化特征及其与气候变化的关系．同时分析人类活动对径流变化的影响作用。研究表明：阿克苏河流域普遍存在升温的变化趋势，尤其是冬季升温明显；同时导致冻土层温度的升高和冻土退化；流域内降水增加趋势明显。1990年以后径流增加趋势更加明显．从年内变化分析来看。流域内各水文站春、夏季径流有明显的增大趋势；秋、冬季径流减少明显；分析径流的变化特点．主要还受到流域地表状况变化、大面积开荒及上游水库调节等人类经济活动作用的影响。     

云下湿清除作用对长三角PM2.5模拟的影响

为探讨云下湿清除作用对长三角地区PM_2.5浓度模拟的影响，在华东区域大气环境数值预报系统中新增了气溶胶云下湿清除过程参数化方案，对比分析了2018年12月1日至2019年2月28日降水对长三角地区PM_2.5的清除作用及其对数值模拟效果的改进.结果表明，模式对该时段内的降水和PM_2.5浓度均有很好的模拟效果，模拟的数值、空间分布和变化趋势均与观测有良好的一致性；增加云下湿清除作用后长三角地区PM_2.5浓度模拟效果得到明显改善：平均偏差、平均误差和均方根误差分别减小4.85，1.72，2.35μg/m³，归一化偏差和归一化误差分别降低0.14和0.08，约90%城市的相关系数、均方根误差、平均误差、归一化误差得到改进；云下湿清除作用使模拟PM_2.5浓度随雨强增大而降低，解决了模式湿清除过程的不足.同时，增加云下湿清除作用会加剧部分城市PM_2.5模拟浓度偏低的现象，这需要通过其他过程的完善予以改进.     

毛乌素沙地土地利用/覆被变化对草地土壤物理、化学和矿物学性质的影响

In arid and semiarid regions, cultivation and shrub invasion are two important factors to impact grassland. However, there are few studies to compare the effects of cultivation and shrub invasion on soil physical, chemical and mineralogical properties. In this study, three sampling sites, which respectively represent the native grassland, cultivated grassland (farmland), and shrub invasion of grassland (shrub land) in Mu Us sand land, were selected and soil samples were collected and measured for soil particle size distribution (PSD), soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorous (TP) concentrations, and relative percentages of mineralogical components. Results showed that cultivation and shrub invasion significantly altered the soil PSD, soil C, N and P concentrations and pools, and the relative percentages of soil mineralogical components of the grassland ecosystems. Grassland cultivation and shrub invasion significantly decreased the contents of silt and clay. Moreover, the land cover change from grassland to farmland or shrubland significantly resulted in soil organic carbon, total nitrogen and soil carbonate loss. In this study, we found that grassland cultivation resulted in more sand accumulation and more soil C and N losses than shrub invasion, which indicated that grassland cultivation was stronger than shrub invasion to accelerate soil desertification in Mu Us sand land.     

Effectiveness of Multi‐Site Weather Generator for Hydrological Modeling1

Khalili, Malika, François Brissette, and Robert Leconte, 2011. Effectiveness of Multi‐site Weather Generator for Hydrological Modeling. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1‐12. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010.00514.x Abstract: A multi‐site weather generator has been developed using the concept of spatial autocorrelation. The multi‐site generation approach reproduces the spatial autocorrelations observed between a set of weather stations as well as the correlations between each pair of stations. Its performance has been assessed in two previous studies using both precipitation and temperature data. The main objective of this paper is to assess the efficiency of this multi‐site weather generator compared to a uni‐site generator with respect to hydrological modeling. A hydrological model, known as Hydrotel, was applied over the Chute du Diable watershed, located in the Canadian province of Quebec. The distributed nature of Hydrotel accounts for the spatial variations throughout the watershed, and thus allows a more in‐depth assessment of the effect of spatially dependent meteorological input on runoff generation. Simulated streamflows using both the multi‐site and uni‐site generated weather data were statistically compared to flows modeled using observed data. Overall, the hydrological modeling using the multi‐site weather generator significantly outperformed that using the uni‐site generator. This latter combined to Hydrotel resulted in a significant underestimation of extreme streamflows in all seasons.     

苏南丘陵主要森林类型保持水土效益的研究

１９９１年度在苏南丘陵地区用径流小区法测得杉木林、火炬松林、栎林及裸地的地表径流系数分别为９．５５％、３８．９９％、６．０１％、４５．３７％。土壤侵蚀量分别为２８１．０ｔ／ｋｍ￣２、２２５．４ｔ／ｋｍ￣２、２３８。４ｔ／ｋｍ￣２、１４４１４．５ｔ／ｋｍ￣２。与裸地相比，森林保持水土的效益非常显著。文中还详细讨论了裸地的土壤侵蚀规律，并给出了裸地土壤侵蚀量的经验预报方程。     

有色冶炼重金属废水回用研究

通过对株洲冶炼厂重金属废水回用结垢问题的研究，针对其垢样主要属碳酸钙垢型的特点，提出以投加高效低剂量的阻垢剂作为防止结垢的主要方法，运行证明，该防止结垢方法具有明显的经济效益和环境效益，应用前景广阔。     

北京市典型区域降水特性及其对细颗粒物影响

通过采集北京市典型区域2016年12月~2017年11月期间大气降水样品,实时监测降水前、期间和后大气非难熔亚微米颗粒物NR-PM₁及其组分浓度,研究了降水的理化特性、典型降水过程离子组分变化特征、以及对大气非难熔亚微米颗粒物NR-PM₁及其组分的影响,同时采用后向轨迹聚类分析法研究了气团长距离传输对降水组分的影响.结果表明,2017年北京市典型区域降水主要集中在夏季,约占总降水量的82.2%,降水主要呈中性或碱性,酸雨发生率很低.降水pH值表现为冬季 > 春季 > 夏季~秋季的季节变化特征.降水中总离子浓度、总阴、阳离子浓度均表现为春季 > 夏季 > 冬季 > 秋季,且呈污染日显著高于清洁日的变化特征.降水中主要水溶性离子年均浓度表现为NH₄⁺ > Ca²⁺ > NO₃^- > SO₄^2- > Na⁺ > Cl^- > Mg²⁺ > F^- > K⁺,其中NH₄⁺、Ca²⁺、NO₃^-和SO₄^2-是降水中最主要的离子组分,占总离子浓度的80%以上,各离子浓度均呈污染日高于清洁日的变化特征.降水期间不同时段,降水中各离子浓度大多表现为：降水初期最高,降水中期显著低于降水初期,降水后期均略有增加.降雨量和降雨速率较小的降水对污染日大气NR-PM₁及其组分的清除作用较强,而降雨量和降雨速率较大的降水对清洁日NR-PM₁及其组分的清除作用较小.值得关注的是在降水不同时段,始终存在2个重要的过程,即污染物的累积和二次污染物的形成过程,以及降水的云下冲刷和云内雨除过程.研究期间,降水主要受到东南和西南方向气团影响,分别约占总降水的60%和23%,且主要发生在夏季,这些气团对降水中离子组分都有不同程度的影响.     

霾天气影响下的京津冀气候变化特征与成因

利用1961~2016年京津冀90个国家级气象站的霾数据集、日平均相对湿度、14：00能见度、日平均气温、日累计降水、日平均风速、辐射等数据,采用MASH方法、线性趋势分析方法、曼-肯德尔（Mann-Kendall）法以及相关分析等方法研究了京津冀地区霾天气影响下的气候变化特征.结果表明：京津冀地区年平均霾日数呈明显的增长趋势,增长率为5d/10a以上,大中城市年平均霾日数明显高于其他地区,霾日数突变增多发生在1992~1993年,在国家大气污染防治专项资金注入以后年平均霾日数增长趋势减缓;京津冀地区霾日和非霾日年平均气温呈上升趋势,年平均能见度呈下降趋势;年平均降水日数总体趋势减少,但是霾日降水日数逐年增加,而非霾日呈现减少趋势,两者呈现对称相反关系;京津冀霾日和非霾日年平均风速均呈逐年下降趋势;霾日数具有随着GDP、能源消耗的增加逐年递增趋势.京津冀地区霾日和非霾日年平均总辐射和散射辐射都是逐年下降,霾日比非霾日下降趋势更加明显,年平均总辐射比散射辐射下降明显;年平均霾日数与年平均总辐射、年平均风速、年平均降水呈负相关,但是与年平均气温、GDP、能源消耗呈正相关.