大麦秆提取液对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响研究

大麦秆提取液是无害、高效的抑藻剂.未过滤大麦秆提取液对铜绿微囊藻的生长有显著的抑制效果,投加比例在10mL·L-1以上时,抑制效果与大麦秆提取液投加浓度之间无明显相关关系,6d后的抑制率均在95%以上,且培养液澄清透明;而通过0.22μm滤膜过滤后的大麦秆提取液对铜绿微囊藻的抑制效果不显著.在投加未过滤大麦秆提取液的培养液中发现大量原生动物,推测原生动物的吞食作用是大麦秆提取液抑制铜绿微囊藻生长的主要原因之一.     

Identification and characterization of coagulation inhibitor proteins derived from cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa

The excess growth of cyanobacteria in semi enclosed water areas caused by eutrophication brings about coagulation inhibition in drinking water treatment processes. In this study, coagulation inhibitor proteins produced by Microcystis aeruginosa, a major cyanobacterium in algal bloom, were acquired by a phage display technique, an aluminum-immobilized affinity chromatography and a protein expression technique using Escherichia coli cells. Two cyanobacterial peptides with a high ratio of metallophilic amino acids were recovered, which were a part of homologues of a thiol oxidase enzyme Ero1p and a trans-acting repressor ArsR. It was also shown that the homologue of ArsR exhibited a stronger inhibitory effect on the coagulation of kaolin suspension with polyaluminum chloride than the control proteins. This is the first report to identify a cyanobacterial cell component to inhibit coagulation. The compositions of polar amino acids were critical to explain the strength of coagulation inhibition potential. Polar proteins from cyanobacteria could collectively consume coagulants or stabilize clay particles, which would be plausible explanations for causing coagulation inhibition. Meanwhile, results from the kaolin coagulation tests using the control proteins implied that the neutralization of positive charges of coagulant constituents by simple electrostatic interactions might not be the key mechanism on the protein-induced coagulation inhibition.     

不同溶剂对化感物质抑藻效果的影响

以铜绿微囊藻作为生物材料,邻苯二甲酸二丁酯和没食子酸作为化感物质,研究了这两种化感物质在不同浓度下对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响,对比了不同溶剂中两种化感物质的抑藻效果.结果表明,低浓度的邻苯二甲酸二丁酯对铜绿微囊藻的生长具有一定促进作用.但高浓度时抑制其生长;没食子酸对铜绿微囊藻的生长具有一定的抑制作用,但浓度的影响规律性并不明显;对邻苯二甲酸二丁酯来说,乙醇溶剂可以增强其对铜绿微囊藻生长的抑制作用,而对没食子酸来说,甲醇溶剂可以减弱其对铜绿微囊藻生长的抑制作用.可见,在化感物质发生作用时,化感物质用量和溶剂种类起着极其重要的作用.     

连续水流和间歇水流对微囊藻生长的影响

为了解不同的水体流动方式对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响。实验在控制温度和光照条件下,室内采用野外原水培养基模拟连续水流和间歇水流微囊藻的生长。实验结果表明,间歇水流下微囊藻在各流速下的生长差异较小,连续扰动下微囊藻在各流速下的生长差异较大,在流速为35 cm/s时达到最大值;间歇性扰动条件下微囊藻密度较连续性水流条件下高。这可能是在间歇扰动下水流主要影响藻细胞对营养盐的吸收,连续扰动的低流速下主要是通过对营养盐的吸收对微囊藻产生影响,在高流速下是水流对藻细胞的机械破坏为主;同时培养基中藻细胞形成群体产生微环境有利于微囊藻的生长。水体流动的方式不同,水流对微囊藻细胞生长的作用将发生改变,这为扰动控制蓝藻生长提供科学依据。     

沉水植物黑藻腐解对微囊藻休眠体复苏的影响

模拟沉水植物黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)生物量(以湿质量计)分别为0、10、25和50 g时,在17℃下腐解过程中对微囊藻(Microcystis)休眠体复苏的影响,并通过测定沉积物和上覆水的理化指标,探究腐解过程中环境因素的变化及其对微囊藻复苏的影响.为期84 d的腐解试验结果显示,沉水植物黑藻的腐解对微囊藻休眠体复苏具有抑制作用,且黑藻生物量越高抑制作用越强.另外,水体及沉积物中的TN、TP和总有机物含量,沉积物表面的光照强度及pH均随黑藻的腐解时间及黑藻生物量的不同而变化.黑藻的腐解会使沉积物中w(TN)升高;与无黑藻组相比,黑藻生物量越多释放到上覆水中的TN越多,但由于沉积物的吸附及微生物的作用,各试验组中上覆水ρ(TN)呈逐渐下降趋势;黑藻的腐解引起沉积物w(TP)显著升高,并在短时间内造成上覆水中ρ(TP)增加,64 d后复原到初始水平;沉积物及水体中的总有机物含量呈先升后降的趋势,在腐解后期水体中ρ(TOC)基本恢复到初始水平.在腐解过程中抑制微囊藻复苏生长的因素可能包括ρ(TP)的升高及光照强度和pH降低.      

壳聚糖改性粘土絮凝除藻的机理探讨

粘土除藻是一种有前景和环境友好的应急除藻技术。对粘土进行改性以提高其除藻效果是该技术的发展方向之一。文章探讨了壳聚糖改性粘土絮凝除藻的机理。壳聚糖改性修饰后的粘土既能通过壳聚糖的粘结架桥作用絮凝藻细胞,又能通过粘土表面电性的改变凝聚带负电的藻细胞,使改性粘土的絮凝除藻能力大幅度提高。     

壳聚糖联合聚合氯化铝强化混凝除藻的参数优化

为增强饮用原水中藻类的混凝去除效果,以铜绿微囊藻和水华鱼腥藻为对象,在单因素实验的基础上,采用响应曲面法考察了壳聚糖（CTS）投加量、聚合氯化铝（PAC）投加量、pH值及CTS和PAC的投加顺序对CTS联合PAC混凝除藻的影响.结果表明,混凝去除铜绿微囊藻（叶绿素a含量为45~55μg/L）的最佳条件为：CTS 0.40mg/L、PAC 1.19mg/L、原水pH值7.5、CTS和PAC混合均匀后投加,该条件下模型预测叶绿素a去除率为96.1%（实测值为95.7%）;混凝去除水华鱼腥藻（叶绿素a含量为80~90μg/L）的最佳条件为：CTS 0.25mg/L、PAC 2.00mg/L、原水pH值7.9、先投加CTS后投加PAC,该条件下模型预测叶绿素a去除率为97.9%（实测值为97.0%）.当原水pH值9.0时（模拟高藻原水的碱性环境）,混凝去除铜绿微囊藻和水华鱼腥藻的最佳投药顺序均为CTS和PAC混合均匀后投加,实测叶绿素a去除率分别为94.9%和95.3%;混凝铜绿微囊藻的药剂方案为CTS 0.40mg/L、PAC 2.00mg/L,药剂成本为0.0215元/m³,混凝水华鱼腥藻的药剂方案为CTS 0.24mg/L、PAC 2.00mg/L,药剂成本为0.0149元/m³.     

Effects of elevated CO2 on dynamics of microcystin-producing and non-microcystin-producing strains during Microcystis blooms

In an attempt to elucidate the effects of different CO₂ concentrations (270, 380, and 750 μL/L) on the competition of microcystin-producing (MC-producing) and non-MC-producing Microcystis strains during dense cyanobacteria blooms, an in situ simulation experimentwas conducted in the Meiliang Bay of Lake Taihu in the summer of 2012. The abundance of total Microcystis and MC-producing Microcystis genotypes was quantified based on the 16S rDNA and mcyD gene using real-time PCR. The results showed that atmospheric CO₂ elevation would significantly decrease the pH value and increase the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentration. Changes in CO₂ concentration did not show significant influence on the abundance of total Microcystis population. However, CO₂ concentrations may be an important factor in determining the subpopulation structure of Microcystis. The enhancement of CO₂ concentrations could largely increase the competitive ability of non-MC-producing over MC-producing Microcystis, resulting in a higher proportion of non-MC-producing subpopulation in treatments using high CO₂ concentrations. Concurrently, MC concentration in water declined when CO₂ concentrations were elevated. Therefore, we concluded that the increase of CO₂ concentrations might decrease potential health risks of MC for human and animals in the future.     

氮磷营养盐水平对灰化薹草浸泡液化感抑藻的影响

为了解不同氮、磷营养盐水平下植物化感作用对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响,以鄱阳湖洲滩优势植物灰化薹草为研究对象,在室内控温、控光无菌条件下,采用锥形瓶批式培养法,分别观测3组氮、磷营养盐水平〔5.0、0.5 mg/L（超富营养）;2.0、0.2 mg/L（富营养）;1.0、0.1 mg/L（中营养）〕条件下,灰化薹草质量浓度（以干质量计）为0（对照组）、0.05、0.1、1.5、3和6 g/L时,培养液中铜绿微囊藻细胞密度.通过对比分析铜绿微囊藻的生长曲线、最大比增长率和抑制率得到不同培养条件下铜绿微囊藻生长特征的差异.结果表明:在超富营养和富营养水平下,灰化薹草浸泡液对铜绿微囊藻的生长均呈现“低促高抑”现象,抑制率分别在-23.3%~26.1%和-10%~76.5%之间,由促转抑时灰化薹草质量浓度分别为3和1.5 g/L;而在中营养水平下抑制铜绿微囊藻生长,抑制率在1.6%~85.6%之间.铜绿微囊藻最大比增长速率随氮、磷营养盐水平表现为超富营养（0.81~0.88 d-1）>富营养（0.55~0.80 d-1）>中营养（0.40~0.76 d-1）.相同灰化薹草质量浓度对铜绿微囊藻的化感抑制作用,随氮、磷营养盐水平的增加而降低.3组氮、磷营养盐水平间最大比增长速率的差值,随灰化薹草质量浓度的增加而增大.研究显示,水体氮、磷营养盐对植物化感抑藻起着重要作用,因此利用植物化感控藻效果需综合考虑水体氮、磷质量浓度.      

铜绿微囊藻和孟氏颤藻在富营养化湖泊中生长特征的模拟研究

为了模拟富营养化状态下2种蓝藻在湖泊中的生长特征,采用大型室内湖泊模拟装置进行了模拟研究,并通过三角瓶实验以及光合作用速率的响应实验对模拟装置中藻的生长特征进行了分析.湖泊模拟装置中,铜绿微囊藻和孟氏颤藻在对数生长期的特征生长速率分别为0.43d-1和0.32d-1,但对数生长期很短,仅3～4d.在对数期后有一个很长的"线性期",即生物量随时间近似成线性增长.在氮、磷较为充分的条件下,由于较强的光合作用导致了水体pH的升高,以及生物量增高导致了藻的自遮蔽作用,使藻的生长容易出现碳源限制和光限制.受水下光的影响,2种藻细胞内叶绿素a含量在对数期内一直增大.随后颤藻细胞内叶绿素a含量又逐渐降低,而微囊藻细胞内叶绿素a含量仍保持较高的水平,其原因可能是微囊藻能适应更高的pH.