缸内直喷汽油车颗粒物排放特征及影响因素

随着经济的发展,机动车排放已成为大气颗粒物的重要来源,能够影响人类健康和气候变化.本研究通过整车转鼓实验对国V缸内直喷（GDI）汽油车的颗粒物排放水平及化学组成进行了研究,并探究了汽油车颗粒物排放的影响因素.研究结果表明,我国GDI汽油车的PM、OC、EC排放因子分别为（43.4±16.2）、（11.0±3.5）及（20.5±8.1）mg·kg^-1,其中EC的排放显著高于同类研究.为探索导致颗粒物排放区别的影响因素,本研究探讨了燃油类型、启动方式和循环设定对汽油车颗粒物排放的影响.结果表明,燃油类型（添加体积分数10%的乙醇与纯汽油）对颗粒物排放影响不大.冷启动会排放更多的颗粒物.同时,循环方式也会影响颗粒物排放,中国工况循环（CLTC）会排放比全球测试循环（WLTC）更多的颗粒物,这可能与我国更多的缓加速情况相关.     

黑腐酸对Cd2+的吸附响应面优化及机理研究

以山西褐煤为原材料制备黑腐酸,选择吸附温度、时间、pH值、黑腐酸用量和Cd²⁺初始浓度5个影响因素,采用Box-Behnken响应面法对吸附条件进行优化,分别建立黑腐酸对Cd²⁺的吸附容量和吸附率的二次多项式模型,确定最优吸附条件.将吸附过程拟合等温吸附方程,进行热力学分析,并对材料进行表征.结果表明,pH值、黑腐酸用量和底物浓度为黑腐酸吸附Cd的显著影响因素,优化后的条件为温度308K、时间107.82min、pH=5.55、黑腐酸用量0.05g,底物浓度95.56mg/L,表明黑腐酸是一种良好的吸附材料,吸附效果随温度的升高而增大,能够处理高浓度重金属污染.吸附过程符合Langmuir模型,308K下最大吸附量为54.20mg/g;热力学分析得ΔG⁰ < 0、ΔH⁰ > 0、ΔS⁰ > 0,即反应是自发的吸热熵增反应;黑腐酸表面粗糙多孔,具备良好的比表面积与孔隙结构,具有多种官能团,吸附反应有羟基、羧基等参与形成氢键,并与无机矿物发生离子交换.本研究可为揭示黑腐酸对重金属的吸附机理提供理论依据.     

缸内直喷汽油机排放PM_(2.5)的理化特征及影响因素

通过发动机台架实验研究了发动机的转速、负荷对缸内直喷(GDI)汽油机排放PM_(2.5)的排放水平、化学组成及颗粒物数浓度等的影响.结果表明:GDI汽油机排放PM_(2.5),OC,EC的排放因子分别为(49.8±28.2),(21.6±6.9),(11.4±10.8)mg/kg.低转速时,PM_(2.5)排放量随着负荷的增加先减少后增加,中、高转速时随着负荷的增加逐渐增加.碳质气溶胶是GDI汽油机排放的PM_(2.5)的主要组成成分,有机物(OM)和元素碳(EC)分别占PM_(2.5)的45.6%~70.6%和7.9%~42.7%.PM_(2.5)数浓度呈核态(10nmDp30nm)和积聚态(30nmDp200nm)的双峰分布,数浓度排放量比进气道喷射(PFI)汽油机高2个数量级,不同转速下积聚态颗粒数浓度随着负荷的增加而增加.     

Fe~(3+)/TiO_2负载膨胀珍珠岩降解水和土壤中苯酚的研究

以膨胀珍珠岩(EP)作为载体,采用溶胶凝胶法对其进行Ti O_2、Fe3+-Ti O_2溶胶负载,制备出Ti O_2、Fe3+-Ti O_2表面修饰的膨胀珍珠岩材料(TEP、FTEP),通过SEM、TEM、XRD和FI-IR对其进行表征,实验室条件下模拟研究了EP、TEP、FTEP对水和土壤中苯酚的吸附降解效果。结果表明,450℃光催化材料为锐钛矿型,Fe3+掺杂有效提高了光催化性。本实验条件中,当达到最佳投加量时,水和土壤中的EP、FTEP、TEP对苯酚的降解率分别为23.40%、100%、100%和17.81%、66.75%、69.01%;在最适光照时间下,水和土壤中的EP、FTEP、TEP对苯酚的降解率依次为22.14%、100%、100%和17.64%、66.15%、67.51%。在实验浓度范围内,该光催化反应符合一级反应动力学方程。     

A baseline study characterizing the municipal solid waste in the State of Kuwait

This paper provides a new reference line for municipal solid waste characterization in Kuwait. The baseline data were collected in accordance with the Standard Test Method for the Determination of the Composition of Unprocessed Municipal Solid Waste (ASTM). The results indicated that the average daily municipal waste generation level is 1.01 kg/person. Detailed waste stream surveys were conducted for more than 600 samples of municipal solid waste (MSW). The waste categories included paper, corrugated fibers, PET bottles, film, organic matter, wood, metal, glass, and others. The results indicated that organic waste dominated the characterization (44.4%), followed by film (11.2%) and then corrugated fibers (8.6%). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to investigate the influence of season and governorate on waste composition. A significant seasonal variation was observed in almost all waste categories. In addition, significant differences in proportions between the current level and 1995 baseline were observed in most waste categories at the 95% confidence level.     

The presence of zinc in Swedish waste fuels

Zinc (Zn) is a chemical element that has gained more attention lately owing to its possibility to form corrosive deposits in large boilers, such as Waste-to-Energy plants. Zn enters the boilers in many different forms and particularly in waste, the amount of Zn is hard to determine due to both the heterogeneity of waste in general but also due to the fact that little is yet published specifically about the Zn levels in waste. This study aimed to determine the Zn in Swedish waste fuels by taking regular samples from seven different and geographically separate waste combustion plants over a 12-month period. The analysis shows that there is a relation between the municipal solid waste (MSW) content and the Zn-content; high MSW-content gives lower Zn-content. This means that waste combustion plants with a higher share of industrial and commercial waste and/or building and demolition waste would have a higher share of Zn in the fuel. The study also shows that in Sweden, the geographic location of the plant does not have any effect on the Zn-content. Furthermore, it is concluded that different seasons appear not to affect the Zn concentrations significantly. In some plants there was a clear correlation between the Zn-content and the content of other trace metals.     

MAMA双功能螯合剂前体的合成及结构表征

双功能螯合剂在放射性药物的研究、合成、应用,特别是在生物分子的放射性标记方面发挥着极为重要的作用.本文采用简易方法合成了MAMA双功能螯合剂前体,N-(2"-对甲氧苄巯乙基)-2-[(2'-对甲氧苄巯乙基)氨基]乙酰胺,并通过Uv-vis、IR、1HNMR、MS以及元素分析等对其结构组成进行了确证;同时,利用Gaussian 03W程序对其进行了结构优化描述,并计算了相应的分子能量.此外,对制备得到的前体进行了稳定化处理,将其转化为盐酸盐形式,并用IR、1HNMR等进行了检验,确定了此处理是合理可行的.     

Cu( Ⅱ )印迹壳聚糖交联膜的表征及其吸附热力学特性

为处理低浓度重金属废水,采用分子印迹、化学预交联及交联方法,制备了一种新型的Cu(Ⅱ)印迹壳聚糖交联膜(IMCu(Ⅱ)-E-CTS),对该膜的孔隙率、溶胀率、氨基含量、表面形态、官能团以及结晶性等性能进行了表征.考察了该膜对低浓度(20～70 mg.L-1)Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附热力学特性.结果表明,IMCu(Ⅱ)-E-CTS孔隙率、溶胀率和氨基含量分别为76.9%、109%、4.26 mmol.g-1;与壳聚糖膜(CTS)相比,IMCu(Ⅱ)-E-CTS溶胀率降低了44.0%、孔隙率升高了528%、氨基含量降低了16.5%;与壳聚糖交联膜(E-CTS)相比,其氨基含量升高了24.6%;与CTS和E-CTS相比,IMCu(Ⅱ)-E-CTS的表面形态发生了显著的变化,内部结构变得疏松;与CTS相比,IMCu(Ⅱ)-E-CTS分子链具有不规整性,结晶能力降低.在含等浓度Cu(Ⅱ)、Ni(Ⅱ)、Zn(Ⅱ)混合溶液中,IMCu(Ⅱ)-E-CTS对Cu(Ⅱ)表现出具有良好的选择性.IMCu(Ⅱ)-E-CTS对Cu(Ⅱ)浓度为20～70 mg.L-1的吸附符合Freundlich等温曲线(R2>0.99),该吸附是自发、放热、熵减小的过程.     

农业废物堆肥中高产漆酶新菌株的分离鉴定及酶学性质研究

从农业固体废物堆肥中分离得到1株高产漆酶的新菌株,通过对其形态特征和ITS序列分析,鉴定该菌株为哈茨木霉(Hypocrea lixii).以Cu1AF和Cu2R为引物对该菌株的漆酶基因进行扩增,PCR产物回收克隆后测序得到长度为148 bp的漆酶基因片段.在液体培养条件下,菌株漆酶活力可达到67.5 U.mL-1.对该菌株的漆酶酶学性质初步研究显示:漆酶相对分子质量大约为60×103,酶反应的最适温度为35℃,最适pH为4.0;在60℃时漆酶半衰期>1 h;漆酶氧化2,2’-联氮双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二铵盐(ABTS)的米氏常数(Km)值为1.00 mmol.L-1;金属离子对酶活的影响很大,Na+、Fe2+、Fe3+、Pb2+、Zn2+对酶活都有抑制作用.该菌株有很好的应用潜力来作农业废物堆肥处理系统的强化菌剂.     

CoCuMnOx光催化氧化多组分VOCs特性及其动力学

实验采用共沉淀法制备太阳能吸收涂料Co Cu Mn O_x,探究可见光下甲苯、乙酸乙酯和丙酮混合3组分VOCs的光催化氧化性能,并从动力学角度分析各自的反应速率变化.结果表明,单组分VOCs初始浓度400 mg·m~(-3)、光照距离120 mm,350cm~2镜面载体负载1 g Co Cu Mn O_x下用100 W卤钨灯照射6 h后,甲苯转化率为57%、乙酸乙酯为62%、丙酮为58%;由于3组分VOCs之间相互竞争,甲苯、乙酸乙酯和丙酮的转化率较单组分下降了5%~26%.单组分与3组分VOCs的光催化均符合假一级反应动力学,单组分甲苯、乙酸乙酯和丙酮的反应速率分别为0.002、0.002 8和0.002 33 min~(-1);混合3组分中其反应速率为单组分的0.49~0.88倍.