Controlled release,blind tests of DNAPL characterization using partitioning tracers

The partitioning tracer technique for dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) characterization was evaluated in an isolated test cell, in which controlled releases of perchloroethylene (PCE) had occurred. Four partitioning tracer tests were conducted, two using an inverted, double five-spot pumping pattern, and two using vertical circulation wells. Two of the four tests were conducted prior to remedial activities, and two were conducted after. Each test was conducted as a "blind test" where researchers conducting the partitioning tracer tests had no knowledge of the volume, method of release, nor resulting spatial distribution of DNAPL. Multiple partitioning tracers were used in each test, and the DNAPL volume estimates varied significantly within each test based on the different partitioning tracers. The tracers with large partitioning coefficients generally predicted a smaller volume of PCE than that expected based on the actual release volume. However, these predictions were made for low DNAPL saturations (average saturation was approximately 0.003), under conditions near the limits of the method's application. Furthermore, there were several factors that may have hindered prediction accuracy, including tracer degradation and remedial fluid interference.     

Pahokee泥炭腐殖酸的电喷雾质谱特征研究

采用电喷雾质谱(ESI-MS)技术,对水溶态Pahokee泥炭腐殖酸的ESI MS特征进行了研究。ESI MS质谱扫描图中,离子峰连续分布,m/z值主要集中在低于1 500 的范围内,在质谱图低质荷比端形成相差2 amu的奇数系列峰,可能为复杂分子峰[M-1]的系列中性丢失的结果;在m/z约250,350,500 和700 处有类似“波”的离子峰分布,可能暗示不同来源的木质素单体形成的二聚体、三聚体、四聚体结构等。对木质素17 种模型化合物的电喷雾二级质谱碎片机理进行了较为详细的研究,以此来推断腐殖酸m/z200以内离子峰的结构。m/z 70 110为Pa hokee泥炭腐殖酸的“核结构”,m/z 110 200主要为三种木质素来源的单体结构及其衍生物,总体上可看出Pahokee泥炭腐殖酸的母源为裸子植物和被子植物。该方法对腐殖酸样品具有重现性,可用于腐殖酸的结构研究。     

Large-scale production of poly(3-hydroxyvaleric acid) by fermentation ofChromobacterium violaceum,processing, and characterization of the homopolyester

A fed-batch process was developed, which allowed biotechnological production of the homopolyester poly(3-hydroxyvaleric acid) [poly(3HV)], in a mineral salts medium containing valeric acid as carbon source and complex nutrients as supplements byChromobacterium violaceum at a 10- and 300-L fermentation scale. This process yielded up to 40 g dry cell matter per L fermentation broth, and the cells contained up to 70% (w/w) poly(3HV). Poly(3HV), which was extracted from the cells with chloroform and was precipitated from this solvent with ethanol, was processed to test bars by injection molding or by press processing and to fibers by melt spinning. The unprocessed and processed poly(3HV) material was characterized with respect to the molecular weight and with respect to thermal, rheological, and mechanical properties. It was shown that it is possible to process biodegradable poly(3HV) thermoplastically and to obtain a polymer suitable for applications with low strength requirements.     

State-of-the-art approach to hazardous waste site characterizations

A state-of-the-art characterization of a hazardous waste site provides significant benefits over a conventional program because it defines the hydrogeologic framework that governs contaminant transport, rather than merely confirming the existence of contamination State-of-the-art programs are commonly believed to be substantially more expensive than conventional programs. Such is not the case, however, for properly planned investigations Indeed, a state-of-the-art program can be substantially cheaper than a conventional one in some circumstances Costs remain comparable even under conditions unfavorable to the comparison These conclusions are illustrated by examples of field activities conducted at a variety of study sites.Publication No. 3360, Environmental Sciences Division, ORNL.Operated by Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc., under contract DE-AC05-840R21400 with the US Department of Energy.     

Uranium transport around the reactor zone at Bangombé and Okélobondo (Oklo): examples of hydrogeological and geochemical model integration and data evaluation

The sites at Bangombé and Okélobondo (Oklo) in Gabon provide a unique opportunity to study the behaviour of products from natural nuclear reactions in the vicinity of reactor zones which were active around two billion years ago. The Commission of the European Communities initiated the Oklo Natural Analogue Programme. One of the principal aims was to study indications of present time migration of elements from the reactor zones under ambient conditions. The hydrogeological and hydrochemical data from the Oklo sites were modelled in order to better understand the geochemical behaviour of radionuclides in the natural system, by using independent models and by comparing the modelling outcome. Two modelling approaches were used: M3 code (hydrochemical mixing and mass balance model), developed by the Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Company (SKB) and HYTEC (reactive transport model) developed by Ecole des Mines de Paris.Two different reactor zones were studied: Bangombé, a shallow site, the reactor being at 11 m depth, and OK84 at Okélobondo, situated at about 450 m depth, more comparable with a real repository location. This allowed the validation of modelling tools in two different sedimentary environments: one shallow, with a more homogeneous layering situated in an area of meteoric alteration, and the other offering the opportunity to study radionuclide migration from the reaction zone over a distance of 450 m through very heterogeneous sedimentary layers.The modeling results indicate that the chemical reactions retarding radionuclide transport are very different at the two sites. At Bangombé, the decomposition of organic material consumes oxygen and at Okélobondo the oxygen is consumed by inorganic reactions resulting, in both cases, in uranium retardation. Both modelling approaches (statistic with M3 code and deterministic with HYTEC code) could describe this situation.The goal of this exercise is to test codes which can help to describe and understand the processes taking place at the sites, validate the models with in situ data, and thus build confidence in the tools used for future site characterization. Ultimately, this allows identifying and selecting processes and parameters that can be used as input into repository performance assessment calculations and modelling exercises.     

二氧化钛光催化剂的表征方法研究

光催化氧化法作为一种非常具有应用前景的有机废水处理方法而成为近年来国内外的一个热点研究领域。二氧化钛因其光催化活性高、适用范围广等优点而引起众多研究者的重视 ,这方面的研究已取得了许多成果。二氧化钛光催化活性的强弱直接影响到该方法在实际中的应用。本文对影响二氧化钛催化活性的因素以及表征这些因素的方法进行了评述。     

大杯伞凝集素的分离纯化及其性质

大杯伞子实体经生理盐水抽提、硫酸铵分步沉淀、DEAE -Sepharose和SephadexG - 10 0柱层析纯化得到大杯伞凝集素 (Clitocybemaximalectin ,CML) .CML经PAGE显示单一条带 ,SDS -PAGE测得其亚基相对分子质量为4 9× 10 3 ,SephadexG - 10 0凝胶过滤测得相对分子质量为 4 9× 10 3 ,CML不含糖 ,等电点为 4 .82 .该凝集素对小鼠脾脏淋巴细胞、小鼠S180 肉瘤细胞和人的A、B、O和AB型血细胞具有凝集作用 ,对兔红细胞的凝集作用可被半乳糖 (galac tose)所抑制 .氨基酸组成分析表明 ,CML含有 16种氨基酸 ,其中天冬氨酸 (asparticacid)、谷氨酸 (glutamicacid)和亮氨酸 (leucine)含量较高 .CML对热、酸碱具有一定的稳定性 ,经 6 0℃处理 10min ,仍有较高的活性 ,在pH 5～ 8范围内较稳定 ,其凝血活性受Mg2 、Ca2 、Zn2 和Mn2 二价阳离子的影响 .CML对小鼠腹腔注射的半致死量为 2 5 .70mg/kg.图 4表 7参 14     

经DNA改组的植酸酶纯化和酶学性质

经DNA改组的重组植酸酶通过有机膜超滤、DEAE -SepharoseF .F离子交换层析两步纯化 ,其纯度可达90 %左右 .SDS -PAGE分析表明 ,重组植酸酶的分子量Mr 约为 85 0 0 0 .酶学实验结果表明 :该酶反应最适pH为 4 .5 ,最适温度为 4 0℃ ,Km为 0 .11mmolL-1,Vmax为 96 4mmolL-1min-1,植酸酶活性不依赖任何金属离子的存在 .向酶液中分别添加MgSO4、阿拉伯糖、果糖、半乳糖、乳糖、海藻糖、蔗糖及葡萄糖 (10 0 g/L)后 ,植酸酶在 90℃处理 10min的活性比对照增加了 1～ 3倍 ,说明这些物质为酶保护剂 ;在 37℃下以植酸钠为底物的SDS对酶活性具有强烈的抑制作用 ;金属离子如Cu2 ,Zn2 ,K 以及EDTA对酶活性具有较弱抑制作用 ;金属离子如Mn2 ,Mg2 、Fe2 、Ba2 、Ca2 、Co2 低浓度时对酶活性有促进作用 ,当Mg2 浓度增加到 10mmolL-1时 ,则对酶活性起抑制效应 .图 4表 4参 19     

采用高效离子交换色谱分离分析动物肠道菌群方法初探

报道了利用高效离子交换色谱直接分离动物粪便肠道菌群的有关研究结果.人与兔的粪便样品稀释后经离心分离岀细菌,通过DEAE弱阴离子交换色谱(30cm×2cmi.d)进一步除去杂物,将所得细菌的完整细胞样品直接上样高效液相阴离子交换色谱进行分离.色谱柱采用TSKgelSuperQ-TOYOPEARL650C强阴离子交换树脂,平衡缓冲液为0.02mol/L的哌嗪-HCl缓冲液(pH8.0),吸附于色谱柱上的细菌完整细胞用0～1mol/LNaCl线性梯度进行洗脱,洗岀液由260nm紫外吸收与光散射强度检测器检测.人与兔粪便细菌样品分别获得8个与5个组分,经镜检与培养实验确认为细菌,并且光散射仪洗脱峰峰面积同细菌计数结果具有线性相关性.实验表明,高效离子交换色谱能够应用于肠道菌群这样的复杂细菌体系的分离分析.图5表2参11     

基于FAD的铝合金车体焊接缺陷安全性评价方法研究

目的确保高速列车运行安全,采用先进的方法和理论对焊接缺陷进行评定显得非常重要。方法采用断裂力学和有限元相结合的方法,建立车体全比例有限元模型。采用热弹塑性法对焊接残余应力进行有限元数值仿真。基于标准BS 7910提供的焊接缺陷评价方法,对焊接缺陷进行安全性评定。结果对车体带焊缝的有限元模型,依据BS EN12663标准施加车体所承受的载荷,获取焊缝关注点的应力转化所得到一次应力。根据关注点信息建立所在焊缝处的接头模型进行热弹塑性仿真模拟,从而获取该关注点残余应力数值及分布转化所得到二次应力。将焊接缺陷进行裂纹当量化,从而计算得到载荷比与应力强度因子比值,结合许用FAD曲线,对高速列车铝合金车体上焊缝关注点进行安全性评价。结论该方法对车体这种大型复杂焊接结构的安全性进行评价是可行的,并对焊接缺陷是否合于使用提出质量控制的建议。